tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3872471842617749932023-11-15T08:09:57.748-08:00Reflection essay introductionJanehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.comBlogger230125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-61055257103483942572020-08-25T22:46:00.001-07:002020-08-25T22:46:19.083-07:00Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20Theory - Essay Example Suggestions are most safely comprehensible and generally powerless against question depend on the possibility that questioning, understanding, stating, denying, willing, can't, envisioning, and appearing to see. That evidence for body doesn't include the investigation of elements in an internal field, despite the fact that it is an intelligent exercise spreading out different prospects and probabilities, showing up gradually at the end that bodies exist despite the fact that they may not be as they appear. Descartes contends that any of the three primary facts in the Meditations ââ¬Å"I exist, God exists, bodies existâ⬠is reached by the examination of elements; absolutely they are not demonstrated on retinal pictures. These facts are the aftereffect of cautious investigation of thoughts and, on account of the cogito, of the action of attempting to question that an individual exists. There truly is no record in the Meditations of impression of bodies, no examination of informat ion on physical articles, of logical information. At the point when Descartes needed to find the idea of some item, occasion, or action, for example, light, vision, or the component of the body, he depended on perception and investigation - in any event, to what he took to be perception, likewise with the assessment of the eyes of buffs. By his uncertainty, Descartes doesn't intend to dismiss forever the entirety of his previous convictions. Some of them likely could be valid. Descartes needs to rediscover them, in the feeling of demonstrating that they follow coherently from fundamental, obvious suggestions. The fundamental motivation behind the uncertainty is to locate these obvious suggestions, with the goal that Descartes can utilize them as establishments whereupon to reconstruct his insight. The uncertainty is a method of reconsidering everything from the earliest starting point, in order to accomplish the assurance that Descartes is looking for. One standard translation of Descartess idea of clearness and uniqueness considers it to be being roused by science. Reality of the substance hypothesis depends on the accuracy of a specific Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-91302960295622622132020-08-22T06:04:00.001-07:002020-08-22T06:04:26.574-07:00Hup Seng Essay ExampleHup Seng Paper What upper hands this organization has? Hup Seng has a truly basic plan of action with straightforward items. It has 3 auxiliaries one which is a bread dessert shop, the other is to appropriate and sells and the one it procures, Incomix. It's anything but an incredible business and a portion of its item FB business industry against any semblance of Kraft and Nestle. Hup Seng ââ¬â¢s upper hand is its generally lower cost or perhaps a few clients who lean toward its taste better than the other. SWOT Analysis Strengths 1. Presently in a decent monetary position (scarcely any obligations, and so on) 2. Talented workforce (small preparing required) 3. Organization name perceived on a National/Regional/Local level 4. Own premises (no extra expenses for renting)| Weakness 1. Less client 2. An excess of waste 3. Low client maintenance 4. Low creation quality contrasted with different brands. 5. Low trustworthiness of yearly report| Opportunities 1. Gifted workforce implies that they can be moved and prepared into different territories of the business 2. Contender failing (Takeover opportunity) 3. Moving an item into another market sector| Threats 1. Huge and expanding rivalry 2. Increment in charge 3. Increasing expense of Wages (Basic compensation, and so on) 4. Conceivable migration costs because of poor area as of now held 5. Nearby authority denying plans for future structure development 6. New appropriation channel| How the budgetary Performances Profitability patterns are show up? Picture appeared above is the money related features of 5 years examination of Hup Seng Industries Bhd. * From the viewpoint of turnover of the organization is steady during year 2006-2007 shows that the item creates by the organization is sold rapidly in the 5 years activity. We will compose a custom paper test on Hup Seng explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Hup Seng explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Hup Seng explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer It additionally shows that organization is effective in selling their items. * Profit after duty implies the net benefit get by the organization is shockingly increment from year 2006-2009 yet then have somewhat decline. The expansion of net benefit demonstrated that organization have extend their item every once in a while as indicated by customerââ¬â¢s taste and lead to increment in deals * Net income per portion of the organization likewise increment shockingly from year 2006-2009 however then additionally decline a piece at year 2010. This is on the grounds that when the deals of the organization increment it prompts more prominent benefit of organization. Loads of benefit offers impact to the held benefit of the organization that is utilized to pay for the investors. 12. Would it be able to continue its productivity and intensity, in this fare business over the long haul? No, organization can't continue its benefit and intensity over the long haul in this fare business on the grounds that thereââ¬â¢s a great deal of contenders these days who send out their items which is in similar enterprises that is purchaser items. To be increasingly explicit, organization which selling rolls as well. Their benefit may vacillate every once in a while on the off chance that they don't keep up their relationship with clients and their provider. Comprehend customerââ¬â¢s needs are extremely critical in business. 13. Make proper suggestions on the most proficient method to: (International market) There are 3 components to continue or upgrade its drawn out endurance Consulting â⬠Company needs to get advisor to deal with the day by day activity so everything going smooth and exercises perform by the organization will produce more pay. Innovation â⬠Import innovation from outside so as to build the proficient creation of the organization. Redistributing â⬠Outsourcingâ is the demonstration of one organization contracting with another organization to offer types of assistance that may some way or another be performed by in-house workers. Frequently the errands that are redistributed could be performed by the organization itself, however by and large there are budgetary points of interest that come fromâ outsourcing. By redistributing a few items for this situation, organization can give consideration on delivering new items without stressing over the item that they re-appropriated. Presently with the appearance of data frameworks and innovation, serious data assembling in deed can to some enormous degree have any kind of effect to a Hup Seng Industries Bhd position in an industry and so far as that is concerned influence its upper hand one way or the other. This organization can either utilize their own database or instructive social occasion programming to follow its activities and get the necessary data like stock, clients, and patterns of contenders execution and about the quick moving items. In the event that a firm can keep or keep up its lead on making esteem, utilizing key resources for instance access to productive conveyance channels, keep up advertise position and might be ease advantage then it tends to be said to have a practical upper hand. This is by no means conceivable in this powerful business world. From advancement focus, some portion of that pledge to development includes grasping new and troublesome thoughts. Another significant angle is utilizing open advancement and publicly releasing strategies that unite providers, accomplices, representatives and the board. Organizations that adequately popularize advancement additionally grow more hazard resistance whenever examining for circumstances outside their quick business condition. They become all the more ready to rip apart items and administrations when exploring new development stages. They become increasingly proficient at the operational necessities of their triumphant ideas, utilizing current accomplices, systems, resources and particular capacities to help drive development through advancement Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-3952211270217975382020-08-10T11:58:00.001-07:002020-08-10T11:58:04.483-07:00Franks Midterm Survival GuideFranks Midterm Survival Guide I hate midterm season. Youre stressing out all week, spending the majority of your day in the library, and sleeping late to cram material. Worse yet, you have to balance studying with all your other classes going on. Its a rough and unpleasant period in the school year. Although Ive only been here for a little over a year, Ive lost count of how many midterms Ive sat through. What I do remember is that while Ive bombed my fair share of exams, Ive aced several, too. I now have a routine which works for meâ"hopefully some of these tips help you as well. Start as early as possible. Classes will usually release midterm dates on the syllabus or at least two weeks before the exam. Note these dates down and start studying as early as possible! If you study an hour a day for two weeks, youve got at least 14 hours under your beltâ"which is no small amount for any midterm. Starting early has two big benefits: firstly, it gives you plenty of time to cover all of the material you need to know, and secondly, its not as stressful. It does take a lot of discipline to sit down and follow a schedule, but starting early is worth it. If you have to cram, cram efficiently. Pulling an all-nighter fueled on caffeine is REALLY not fun, so Id try to avoid doing it at all costs. Unfortunately, sometimes you have to, so you might as well know how to do it well. If you start studying for an exam a day or two before it happens, dont bother going through lecture notesâ"thatll take too long. Try find exams from the past on your course website and do as many of those as you can. Past exams are great for preparing you for the difficulty and nature of the questions that youll be tested with. Start by working through them slowlyâ"make sure you understand the answers fully instead of just copying them down. Eventually, youll get the hang of things and be able to answer most questions on your own. Cramming works, but it feels awful and isnt as effective as starting early. Only do it if you really have no other optionâ"there are plenty of better and less stressful study methods. Study smart, not hard. Copying out 15 lecture slides and trying to remember every single detail on each isnt just time consumingâ"its unrealistic as well. Look for terms or topics your professor has highlighted and focus on those. Actively filter out material you wont needâ"mindlessly copying terms down wont help you understand them. What I like to do is take notes on every lecture, and then try condense everything onto a single sheet of paper. Writing down everything twice helps reinforce concepts, and the single sheet forces me to cut useless content. Additionally, if youre in a course that allows you to bring a cheat sheet into the midterm, you can use this piece of paper! Go to the library. I find studying in my room too distracting. One moment youre drawing chemical molecules and compounds for your Organic Chemistry exam, the next youre lying on your bed scrolling through Instagram with The Office playing on the TV. Going to the library gives you a quiet environment and forces you to study. There are little to no distractions in a library, so you can completely focus on getting your work done. Plus, there are several gorgeous libraries on campus: my personal favorites are the Funk (ACES) Library and the Mathematics Library in Altgeld Hall. There are many more great spots to study on campusâ"go to them! Although its a little far, the Funk Library is almost never crowded and is one of my favorite places to study. Take care of yourself. When you finally take that exam, the last thing on your mind should be what youre going to have for dinner. Eat normal meals, sleep a healthy amount, and take breaks. Your mind functions best when you feel your bestâ"a diet of Red Bull and 2 hours of sleep isnt going to make you feel very good. Midterms are tough. No one likes them. But its something everyone has to go through. At the end of the day, you will be okayâ"one bad midterm score doesnt mean youve failed your course and certainly doesnt define your intelligence. Keep your head up and keep working hard. It will always work itself out. Franklin Class of 2022 I grew up in Hong Kong, China, and Iâve come across the world to Illinois to major in Astronomy in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. Iâve always thought outer space is super cool, and I love that Iâm learning everything that I can about it at Illinois. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-56815006801520445592020-05-23T16:57:00.001-07:002020-05-23T16:57:03.977-07:00Is A Wealthy Nation A Prosperous Nation - 1399 Words In this paper, I aim to answer the question: ââ¬Å"Is a wealthy nation a prosperous nation?â⬠not only with my personal opinions, but with the help of many philosophers, economists, sociologist, and revolutionary socialists. I will be also delving into reasons why a country like America flourishes and thrives, while countries in Africa stay in persistent and unending poverty. Or why is it that Africa is so much poorer and so profoundly different to North America? There are many reasons why these two places differentiate so much in prosperity. Climate, as well where the country is geographically placed and itââ¬â¢s culture all take a place in the issue at hand. However, the main reason could be the ignorance of domestic leaders. Leaders who truly want to see their nation prosper and achieve wealth and happiness will make that happen. Many believe that a prosperous nation directly correlates with a wealthy nation. However, to achieve true prosperity, the health and happines s of the nation must be equally valued. My paper will introduce Adam Smithââ¬â¢s ââ¬Ëdivision of labourââ¬â¢ and how it shaped social relations within and outside the factory, as well as his theory on the ââ¬Å"Invisible Handâ⬠. Furthermore, I will present Robert Heilbronerââ¬â¢s concept of the ââ¬Ëdrive for capitalââ¬â¢ and how it simultaneously produces ââ¬Ëwealthââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëmiseryââ¬â¢ to analyze Upton Sinclairââ¬â¢s insights into the nature of industrial life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The division of labour is an economic concept,Show MoreRelatedThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair Essay2240 Words à |à 9 PagesA wealthy nation is not a prosperous nation, as a nation can be prosperous without being wealthy. Wealth can be defined as capital or vice versa as having properties or resources and turning it into money. A country that is wealthy can have both rich and poor people living in it. There is an upper class, middle class an d lower class, which individuals are associated to. We all know that individuals in the upper class have more resources, materials, properties and more money than the middle and lowerRead MoreThe Period of the Great Depression and Political Issues in America1767 Words à |à 7 Pageswar and a bureau was set up to pay an insurance policy for them that would be due in twenty years. The effects of Americaââ¬â¢s international economic and political isolationism in the 1920ââ¬â¢s were still seen in our non membership of the League of Nations. We only sent observers to Geneva, Switzerland to check it out as investigators. Harding couldnââ¬â¢t completely stay out of international affairs because of the American-British competition over oil-drilling. Secretary Hughes finally negotiated a wayRead MoreAnalysis of Herbert Croly and Frank Meyerà ´s Point of View Regarding the American Dream944 Words à |à 4 Pageson the spiritual and intellectual aspect of oneââ¬â¢s life. By having a political order with the sole role of protecting individual freedom, Meyer believes that we will prosper as a nation. To fix this illusion of individual freedom providing total equality, Croly, unlike Meyer, understands the importance of uniting as a nation with a common purpose. On the contrary, Meyer believes that ââ¬Å"freedom cannot be defined in terms of the ends that a free person ought to choose, that freedom, which is the powerRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Economic Crisis On The Great Depression Of The 1930 S876 Words à |à 4 PagesLiberalism generally believes that market-driven economies are better and more prosperous than those heavily regulated. If liberal states are wealthy, they tend not to want war to cause any interference. Contrastingly, it is often seen as liberalism as the only method or a gift to have, so they will not take ââ¬Ënoââ¬â¢ for an answer. Liberalism can help us better understand world politics by assessing why policies between nations such as NAFTA are implemented. The liberal argument would say that transnationalRead MoreWhat Makes A Nation Wealthy? Essay1668 Words à |à 7 PagesWhat makes a nation wealthy? Answering this basic question may not be as simple as it seems. Because we must first analyze what ââ¬Å"wealthâ⬠is. This essay is going to cover Adam Smith and Karl Marxââ¬â¢s work and their views how the society works and how wealth is created. It is going to highlight the theory of ââ¬Å"Division of labourâ⬠and how it shaped the social relations. Lastly Robert Heilbronerââ¬â¢s concept of ââ¬Å"drive for capitalâ⬠will be discussed and how it produces wealth and misery to analyze Sinclairââ¬â¢sRead MoreCinderella Man Analysis763 Words à |à 4 Pages1920s to the New Deal set forth by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Cinderella Man eloquently depicts the events of the early 1900s. The 1920s was a prosperous time in our nation for most. Most people had a fairly easy time making money and paying there dues. Therefore, people were left with significantly more discretionary income. This is what made the 1920s so prosperous. With money left over, people usually chose to spend in on luxuries. In the movie, James Braddock was received a steady cash flow becauseRead MoreInfluence Of The Renaissance On Modern Western Society Essay1712 Words à |à 7 Pagestime; in addition being the main producers of fine elevated their chances to conduct successful trading ventures. Venice was considered one of the largest centers of trade being a coastal city of the shores of the Adriatic Sea, which allowed for prosperous trade with what was then considered the Eastern world; the city was also well known for their quality in ship building as well which likely contributed to them being a large naval power in the region. Now due to fact that both city-states were twoRead More The Pro s and Cons of Free Trade Essay941 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Free Trade Free trade is exchange of goods and commodities between parties without the enforcement of tariffs or duties. The trading of goods between people, communities, and nations is not an innovative economic practice. Nations are however the main element within a free trade agreement. By examining free trade through three different political ideologies: Liberal, Nationalistic, and Marxist approaches, the advantages and disadvantages will become apparent. ThesesRead MoreGermany is Responsible for the Outbreak of World War I972 Words à |à 4 Pagesmillion in 1871 to 67.7 million in 1914 (Fulbrook 137). The continued growth in population led to sizeable increases in Germanyââ¬â¢s manufacturing ability due to an abundance of newly oriented factory workers compared to that of other competing European nations such as France and Britain. As France and Britain experienced slow economic growth due to the use of older industrial technologies, Germanyââ¬â¢s manufactured goods multiply by five times its normal output while Britainââ¬â¢s output merely doubled (FulbrookRead MoreGilded Age Essay760 Words à |à 4 Pages the United States population and economy grew hand in hand, but what was going on behind the scenes for both these numbers to grow so prosperous. First, let us consider what gilded stands for; it is having a desired appearance, yet concealing something that is not so pleasing in appearance. So, the Gilded Age was a time in which the United States grew prosperous through means that did not reflect such positivity. One example, in specific, is the treatment of Indian Americans by the American government Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-80487806110836189502020-05-12T14:17:00.001-07:002020-05-12T14:17:03.276-07:00Persuasive Essay On Racism - 1138 Words It was during the first week of INT that I started to feel more in depth with the racism and its different terms. We talked in detail on intent, reverse racism, and white supremacy after watching few videos for each matter. It turned out that there are deeper meaning and context to these terms than the mere definition. A number of cases regarding intent have suggested that itââ¬â¢s solely up to someoneââ¬â¢s motives if they are being racist or not. For instance, we talked in class about this one teacher who was bashed for letting a group of her students name themselves as something offensive. It was definitely something she wasnââ¬â¢t familiar with so she slid by, causing controversy for the parents and the society. But did the teacher deserve allâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦So why is it called reverse racism and not simply as racism? Iââ¬â¢ve always believed that there can be equal racism on both sides before reading the ââ¬Å"Reverse Racism Mythsâ⬠online. The a rticle turned my beliefs upside down with just the two words, individual vs. institution. In fact, the word racism comes from the situation when one dominant race puts on oppression and benefits off that oppression in the other race. Some people might argue that affirmative action discriminates the white people, and it is thus an example of reverse racism. This is not the case because the goal of affirmative action is to fix the already-existing underrepresentation of people of color and to ensure that these people have the equal opportunities to be admitted and hired (Smith). For one thing, racism is the reason why Blacks are more likely to face police brutality, house or job discrimination, poverty, or high incarceration rate that the whites do not experience at the same level. Of course, individuals can be prejudice toward other race but thatââ¬â¢s not close to saying it is racism. Being merely prejudice does not impact their lives or other peopleââ¬â¢s lives (Frederickson) . Racism is the parts that make a system in the society that puts one race at an advantage point. Simply put, white people are not oppressed and they win at everything socially, politically, and economically. Comedian Aamer Rahman half-seriously stated that ââ¬Å"Black and Brown race wouldShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Racism1654 Words à |à 7 Pageshas still not been accomplished. People get judged on their skin color and many other things all the time and it isnââ¬â¢t right. Not everybody of the same race, or religion, or sexual orientation are all the same. Racism is a horrible, horrible thing that many people in America experience. Racism and slavery go back many, many years ago. All the way back starting in the 17th century. Since then we have had the Trail of Tears during President Jacksonââ¬â¢s presidency when he threw the Native Americans off theirRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1271 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe options to chose our race. Yet we are still being ridiculed from what we are born with. Racism is one of many elements that in the United States of America affects our society. However, there is a hidden problem that promotes racism. It is the fact that a lot of people try to make themselves believe that racism doesn t exist. But unfortunately, it still does. Everyone knows about the problem of racism but don t realize that they are supporting the problem by discriminating against other peopleRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism701 Words à |à 3 PagesRacism Racism is an issue in America that has been growing, Martin Luther King was a famous black citizen for his bravery of black people as equals. We can respond to and eradicate racism only through a peaceful stand for the love for humanity. The call of Pope Francis to take ââ¬Å" a clear stand for creative and active nonviolence and against all forms of violenceâ⬠echoes the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther Kingââ¬â¢s dream of a nation without racism. Inspired by Dr. Kingââ¬â¢s concept of a creative and constructiveRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism882 Words à |à 4 Pagesword to me, eventually I have come to understand her intentions during that week. Little did I know that this would not be the last time I would endure a situation like this. ââ¬ËSubtle Racismââ¬â¢ in America is common in society. It can come from all sides, and can have as deep an effect as blatant racism. Subtle racism to me is shown from someone who may not consider themselves to be racist, and may see themselves as a supporter of all ethnicities, but expresses certain behaviors and phrases that canRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1018 Words à |à 5 Pagesit s working at 7/11, always smelling like curry, or mocking us with our thick accents. Stereotypes have always been around, they have been used to make some funny jokes, but others have used it personally and criticize people with it. That is why racism is a big problem in this world with people using stereotypes to verbally attack people, thinking those things are true for every race and not getting to know people before judging them. My friends always turn to these jokes when they want to makeRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1317 Words à |à 6 Pages Is America Racist? As a privileged white female in the United States, I donââ¬â¢t personally deal with any racism. But millions of Americans are impacted by racism on a daily basis. They are exposed to ignorant slurs and racial violence constantly. Some people say that not everyone is America is racist. That America as a whole is accepting and welcoming. If so, why did we elect a president whose immigration policies will limit entry of millions of non-white people into our country? How is itRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1926 Words à |à 8 Pagesdifferent culture or has different skin color? Racism is the major issues today and it still exists in our schools, works, and society. Racism at the workplace is responsible for continuous mood changes, aggressive behavior, and have a bad feeling in the minds of the affected persons. This turn bad for the employer and the society. Everyone has right to do something so why do people become races. Today it was better than years ago but still, racism exists in the United States and other countriesRead MorePersuasive Essay Racism1958 Words à |à 8 Pagesloose. We learned about racism in the past, but in 2013, but we never thought we would experience it. Racism is discrimination or discrimination against another race , from one that believes that their race is superior. One of the biggest debates in America is whether or not racism exist. Racism is still present in America because America has an unlawful justice system for minorities, President Trump is causing racial tensions, and the media is racially bias. There is still racism present in AmericaRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1752 Words à |à 8 PagesRacism is contagious to this society. It has been a growing concern in the United States for many decades now, however, no major improvements are made by any political officials in reducing it. Many individuals of color are treated unfairly just because they are of pigment. Not too long ago, many individuals in the African American communities sparked out in outrage when individuals such as Michael Brown and much more were racially profiled by were brutally attacked by the law enforcers. Racism doesRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1839 Words à |à 8 PagesThroughout America, racism is a very prominent topic that affects thousands of Americanââ¬â¢s. Although racism has been fought for many of years in America, Americans find themselves still talking about the social divide. The subject of racism is all over the news and has even made itââ¬â¢s way to Americaââ¬â¢s game, fo otball. The kneeling during the national anthem has been a very big controversy that many Americanââ¬â¢s are furious about. However, for black Americans, it is an outcry that should be heard. Many Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-62598198200107703632020-05-06T12:29:00.001-07:002020-05-06T12:29:53.157-07:00Major Aspects if the Marketing Plan Free Essays This three year marketing plan has been formulated to curb the negative effects on the perception about the McDonaldââ¬â¢s Corporation of the larger community. Further, it is the intent behind the formulation of this plan to make positive use of all the negative publicity targeted towards McDonaldââ¬â¢s by criticisms such as those raised by the documentary film ââ¬Å"Super Size Meâ⬠and the book and film of the same title, ââ¬Å"Fast Food Nationâ⬠, as publicity although negative brings with it the focus and spotlight of the media on the company and any efforts on the part of the Corporation to resurface as an advocate of healthy living will be publicized with as much fervor by the various media. The plan involves an operational as well as marketing shift in focus towards a more healthy life and a balanced diet while promoting healthy habits such as working out as well as encouraging the youngsters of the country to pursue higher education and save money for college. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Aspects if the Marketing Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Major Aspects if the Marketing Plan This plan is spread over a time span of three years, outlining the product, pricing, distribution and promotion strategies to be implemented and executed during this time. The plan takes into consideration that while the McDonaldââ¬â¢s brand image is one of its greatest strengths, this strength is slowly waning away under the intense scrutiny and attention of the media towards the various criticisms launched against McDonaldââ¬â¢s and thus it proposes a revitalization of the McDonaldââ¬â¢s philosophy so as to focus on the youth and value a healthy lifestyle, healthy eating habits, smart choices and education. The plan also outline the structural issues that may arise during its implementation and execution, tactical initiatives to turn strategy into action and methods, means and measures for the evaluation and control of the marketing effort through regular marketing audits. The concentration on targeting the marketing efforts towards youngsters will mean a shift from marketing efforts targeted towards children in order to get to their parentsââ¬â¢ pockets. This will also mean that the primary target market then will be between the ages of 18 and 35, whereas the secondary market will include other age groups as well. Situation Analysis Analysis of Internal Environment Since it is the worldââ¬â¢s top fast food company in terms of sales, it is hard to believe that McDonaldââ¬â¢s has only recently recovered from a severe and persistent downturn in sales. CEO Jim Skinnerââ¬â¢s strategy for bringing the fast food giant back on its feet has been based largely on improving the quality of food instead of expanding rapidly and increasing the number of locations where McDonaldââ¬â¢s is available. Furthermore, out of a total of almost 31, 000 restaurants in around 120 countries worldwide, 75% are being run by franchisees rather then by the corporation itself. In addition to improving food quality through upgrading of facilities, the McDonaldââ¬â¢s Corporation has also been consciously attempting to decrease the number of company run outlets, with the plan of transferring ownership of 2300 locations to licensees by the year 2008. (McDonaldââ¬â¢s Corporation Company Profile) Analysis of Customer Environment ââ¬Å"With the successful expansion of McDonaldââ¬â¢s into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of lifeâ⬠(Wikipedia). The ââ¬ËAmerican way of lifeââ¬â¢ is fast paced, always on the go, technology driven and consistently changing; with divorce rates increasing and the number of single parent families on the rise. The world over, the number of women in the workforce is increasing year by year, contributing to the rise in families with both parents working. ââ¬Å"Fast food restaurants differ from full-service restaurants in that customers generally order and pay before eatingâ⬠because the typical fast food customer is in a hurry and demands a quick meal. The typical fast food consumer is between he ages of 18 and 35, with no children. (Fast Food and Quickservice Restaurant Industry) Analysis of External Environment According to Hooverââ¬â¢s profile of the Fast Food and Quickservice Restaurant industry, demand in the industry is driven by ââ¬Å"personal incomeâ⬠and ââ¬Å"demographics and ââ¬Å"the profitability of individual companies depends on efficient operations, effective marketing, and the ability to provide fast serviceâ⬠. Also, large companies are at and advantage because they can efficiently reap the benefits of economies of scale, making money out of volume rather then big margins (Fast Food and Quickservice Restaurant Industry). The top competitors for McDonaldââ¬â¢s are Burger King, Subway and YUM! Foods (McDonaldââ¬â¢s Corporation Company Profile) although ââ¬Å"fullservice restaurants; supermarkets; delis; convenience stores; snack shops (donut or bagel shops); cafeteriasâ⬠and other companies that offer prepared food are all part of the competition (Fast Food and Quickservice Restaurant Industry). SWOT Analysis Strengths Being a multinational company with operations in over 120 countries of the world, McDonaldââ¬â¢s global presence and its sheer size as an organization is a huge strength, enabling it to benefit from economies of scale and profit sanctuaries. Other then that, McDonaldââ¬â¢s ability of adaptation to local cultures wherever it appears on the globe has enabled it to expand across borders, countries and continents; a feat made possible by the strategy of operating through franchisees and licensees. The other great strengths of McDonaldââ¬â¢s are its brand image, brand equity and expansive financial resources. Weaknesses The one weakness of the McDonaldââ¬â¢s Corporation is its inability to adapt to changing tastes. Like most big companies, McDonaldââ¬â¢s is to an extent a victim of its own success, a giant that is slow to wake up to problems and challenges. Opportunities The opportunities for McDonaldââ¬â¢s as a multinational fast food company lie in developing countries which are home to growing markets of fast food and in developed countries where adults remain largely untapped as a market for fast food. Threats McDonaldââ¬â¢s faces the threat of immense competition from its top competitors; Burger King, Subway and YUM! In addition to this, threats are also posed by the issues raised in the book Eric Schlosser titled ââ¬Å"Fast Food Nationâ⬠, the movie of the same name and the documentary film ââ¬Å"Super Size Meâ⬠by Morgan Spurlock. Schlosserââ¬â¢s book alleges that McDonaldââ¬â¢s among other fast food companies ââ¬Å"uses its political influence to increase their own profits at the expense of peopleââ¬â¢s health and the social conditions of its workersâ⬠while also questioning McDonaldââ¬â¢s practice of advertising tactics which target children. Spurlockââ¬â¢s documentary film, featuring himself as the participant in an experiment where for 30 days, he ate only McDonaldââ¬â¢s food raises similar allegations, proclaiming that ââ¬Å"McDonaldââ¬â¢s food was contributing heavily to the epidemic of obesity in American society, and failing to provide nutritional information about its food for its customersâ⬠(Wikipedia) Analysis of the SWOT matrix In light of the SWOT analysis conducted above, it may be concluded that McDonaldââ¬â¢s possesses the capability of overcoming the threats posed by negative publicity caused by the films such as ââ¬Å"Fast Food Nationâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Super Size Meâ⬠and various other social activists because it has access to the financial resources which would be required to curb this negative publicity. The only thing lacking is a specific focus of the management on this issue and its resolution. Developing competitive advantages McDonaldââ¬â¢s can develop competitive advantages by becoming a socially responsible and aware organization, especially by actively supporting a cause which cancels or nullifies the impact of the aforementioned negative publicity. It is proposed that McDonaldââ¬â¢s concentrate on social responsibility and public relations by supporting a cause which it can internalize into the organization. The proposed cause is the physical and mental well being of youngsters which includes leading healthy lives free from eating disorders such as obesity, anorexia, bulimia etc and a college education. Developing a Strategic Focus To fight the ongoing battle against negative publicity against McDonaldââ¬â¢s it is suggested that the McDonaldââ¬â¢s Corporation develop a strategic focus on resolving this issue and through this resolution pave the path for future development and growth of the company. It is proposed that McDonaldââ¬â¢s create this strategic focus by concentrating marketing efforts towards youngsters between the ages of 18 and 35 rather then the McDonaldââ¬â¢s trademark of the use of ââ¬Ëester powerââ¬â¢ to influence children. Marketing Goals and Objectives Marketing Goals The goal of marketing according to this plan will be to use marketing communications with the intent of converting the negative publicity targeted towards McDonaldââ¬â¢s into positive and turn it into an advantage for the company. Marketing Objectives The objective of the marketing campaign will be to nullify the negative perception regarding McDonaldââ¬â¢s that it is contributing towards the spreading of the ââ¬Å"epidemicâ⬠that is ââ¬Å"obesityâ⬠and establish that McDonaldââ¬â¢s is a healthy organization which believes in and values physical fitness as well as personal wellbeing and self esteem. Marketing Strategy The marketing strategy throughout the tenure of this plan will be to focus on youngsters and students, seeking to culminate the habit of working out and eating healthy, making smart choices and supporting education of the youth of the world. Primary Target Market The primary target market for McDonaldââ¬â¢s is students and youngsters between the ages of 18 and 35. The secondary target market includes people of all ages who are looking for a quick, yet fulfilling meal as well as children who otherwise run away from eating and would rather play in the park then be home at meal times. Product Strategy McDonaldââ¬â¢s will offer its usual, popular products that it is known for, however it will start printing nutritional content on the actual packaging of the product in legible font size, black in colour. However, the quantities of the contents will be reconsidered and changed according to the daily requirement of each by the human body to remain fit and healthy. Pricing Strategy McDonaldââ¬â¢s will offer student discounts at its outlets for students living away from home, granted on products specially designed for students redeemable on showing student identity cards at the time of purchase. Distribution Strategy Distribution will be carried out in the usual manner through company owned and franchised outlets and kiosks. Integrated Marketing Communication Strategy The integrated marketing communication strategy will involve the extensive use of advertising and public relations to publicize McDonaldââ¬â¢s effort of supporting healthy eating habits and making smart choices. Marketing Implementation The marketing strategy outlined above will be implemented through an extensive media, supporting PR plan and a massive revitalizing effort designed to convert the effects of the negative publicity brought on by issues raised in ââ¬Å"Super Size Meâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Fast Food Nationâ⬠by focusing on students and youngsters. Structural Issues The structural issues that will be faced during the implementation of this marketing plan may include employee resistance, inconsistencies between company run and franchised eateries and slow conversion from the past practices to the ones proposed in this plan. A major structural issue will be faced in shifting the marketing and operational focus on to young adults instead of that which was previously on children through advertising the McDonaldââ¬â¢s toys given away with the Happy Meals and the famous Play Places. Tactical Marketing Activities The tactical activities will include a number of youth oriented programs, which will support healthier eating habits for both, those who eat less then is healthy as well as those who eat more then is healthy, smarter choices by young people and assistance with educational endeavours. Jobs at McDonaldââ¬â¢s outlets will be publicized to be open for candidates who are studying at school, college and/or wish to save for a college education; nutritional content will be printed on the packaging of products and will de re-proportioned to be aligned with the requirement of a young healthy human body; public service messages regarding eating disorders such as anorexia and obesity will be funded; Club McDonaldââ¬â¢s will be founded where youngsters with eating disorders and the will to take control of their situation will be provided with expert counseling, interaction with others youngsters facing similar problems along with the comfort of knowing that they are not alone. Evaluation and Control Since the goals and objectives of this plan focus on dealing with the negative perception regarding McDonaldââ¬â¢s caused by such criticisms as posed by media such as ââ¬Å"Super Size Meâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Fast Food Nationâ⬠, the evaluation and control measures will also focus on measuring the impact of the marketing effort on such perceptions. Formal controls Formal controls will include the establishment of performance targets for each of the tactical initiatives proposed in this plan on regular intervals, ensuring that these targets are met, and if this is not so then ascertaining the reasons for exceeding or failing to meet these targets on the part of those held accountable. Informal controls Informal controls will take the form of feedback forums on the websites for each tactical initiative as well as the reviews of participants/member of Club McDonaldââ¬â¢s. Implementation Schedule and Timeline This plan will span over a period of three years, after which the goals and objectives would have been met in the manner that is outlined in this plan. Each initiative will be timed according to the best possible situational conditions which are conducive the successful implementation of the initiative. McDonaldââ¬â¢s will resurface as an advocate of healthy living, smart choices and education for all. Marketing Audits During the three year life span of this marketing plan, marketing audits will be conducted at regular intervals, that once after every quarter of a year meaning that there will be a total of 12 marketing audits conducted throughout the 3 year time span of the marketing plan. Bibliography Fast Food and Quickservice Restaurant Industry. Retrieved on Jun 15, 2007 Fast Food Nation. Retrieved on Jun 15, 2007 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Food_Nation McDonaldââ¬â¢s. Retrieved on Jun 15, 2007 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s McDonaldââ¬â¢s Corporation Company Profile. Retrieved on Jun 15, 2007 ; How to cite Major Aspects if the Marketing Plan, Essay examples Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-30669455434821451592020-05-02T15:29:00.001-07:002020-05-02T15:29:03.381-07:00Working holiday free essay sample Thank you for your letter dated 2 September enquiring about our working holiday scheme. We are glad to provide the information you need. Our department has been holding the working holiday scheme for the past 15 years and this scheme aims to provide an opportunity for young adults to work over seas. Our team will ensure that you have a memorable and pleasant experience. Please visit our website at http://whs. esdlife. com/ for more comprehensive information on our scheme with reference to the feedback of our previous participants. As an ordinary visit visa holder is not allowed to work in the selected country. , each successful applicant of our scheme will be issued a working holiday visa, which is valid for 12 months and the time spend out of the country is neglected. In addition, it will allow you to leave and return to the host country multiple times. However, there is a limitation that you can only work for the same company for 3 months for your permit. We will write a custom essay sample on Working holiday or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You need not to be worry of the English skills as there is no language requirement for attending our scheme. To be eligible, you must be able to produce financial proof of availability funds to meet your living cost when staying in New Zealand, which is about NZ$4,200 and I am sorry to announced that no financial assistance is provided by the government. On the other hand, I would like to give you some advice on job searching. I suggest you try some seasonal jobs like fruit picking in farms and vineyards. You can not only stay close to nature, but also meet people in all ways of life. It will be a fresh experience as it is hard to be performed in Hong Kong. What is more, you have mentioned that you plan to work in New Zealand for half a year, so you are reminded to work for a new company by 3 months . For the application procedure, you may approach the relevant consulates in Hong Kong and an administrative fee of HKD250 will be charged. Lastly, there is an annual quota of 400 for nationals to take working holiday to New Zealand, please submit your application as soon as possible as no administrative fee will be charged for the first 50 applicants. Thank you for your interest in our working holiday scheme. Please contact us again if you have any further queries. Yours sincerely, Steve Petersons Steve Petersons Senior Immigration Officer Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-22366804441331937282020-03-23T18:06:00.001-07:002020-03-23T18:06:03.390-07:00Brazilian Economy Essays - Public Finance, Austerity, Brazilian Economy An Economy Recovering From Chaos. Brazil earned the reputation of being a "miracle economy" in the late 1960s when double-digit annual growth rates were recorded and the structure of the economy underwent rapid change. Since 1981, however, Brazil's economic performance has been poor in comparison to its potential. The country's dramatic reduction in output growth, which averaged an annual GDP growth of only 1.5 percent over 1980-93, reflected its inability to respond to the events of the late 1970s and 1980s. Some events that took place during this period were: the oil shock, increases in real interest rates, the debt crisis, and the resulting cutoff of foreign credit and foreign direct investment. These shocks, in combination with poor management of public finances and heavy state intervention, resulted in large fiscal deficits at state and federal levels. Even if the fiscal deficits were reduced after 1990, deviating policies generalized indexation, and exchange rate management contributed to keeping inflation high and increasing. Monthly inflation skyrocketed from 3 percent in the late 1970s to 50 percent in mid-1994. The country's income distribution, already poor, worsened drastically in the 1980s. Against these conditions, the success of the Real Stabilization Plan in effect since mid-1994, which has reduced inflation to an annualized rate of about 15 percent, stand out noticeably. Growth rates were satisfactory in 1994 and 1995 at 5.8 and 4.2 percent, respectively (Page 45-47). From Portugal's discovery in 1500 until the late 1930s, the economy relied on the production of primary products, such as sugar cane for exports. Portugal subjected it to a strict enforced colonial pact, or imperial mercantile policy, which for three centuries heavily restricted development. The colonial phase left strong marks on the country's economy and society, lasting long after independence in 1882. Significant changes began occurring only late in the eighteenth century, when slavery was eliminated and wage labor was adopted. Important structural transformations began only in the 1930s, when the first steps were taken to change it into a modern, semi-industrialized economy. These transformations were particularly strong between 1950 and 1981, when the growth rates of the economy remained quite high and a diversified manufacturing base was established. However, since the early 1980s, the economy has experienced substantial difficulties, including slow growth and stagnation. Nevertheless, the country still has the potential to regain its former dynamism. In the mid-1990s, it had a large and quite diversified economy, but one with considerable structural, as well as short-term problems. Socioeconomic transformations came about rapidly after World War II. In the 1940s, only 31.3 percent of its 41.2 million inhabitants resided in towns and cities. By 1991 its population had reached 146.9 million and 75.5 percent lived in cities, therefore creating two of the world's largest metropolitan centers ? Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The rate of population growth decreased for about 3 percent annually in the transition. By mid-1999 it had an estimated population of 166 million (Levine 200). The share of its primary sector in the gross national product declined from 28 percent in 1947 to 11 percent in 1992. Despite this reduction, the agricultural sector remains important. Although part of it is primitive and demanding, part is modern and vigorous. Brazil remains one of the world's largest exporters of agricultural products. In the same 1947-92 period, the contribution of industry to GNP increased from less than 20 percent to 39 percent. Its GNP per capita in 1999 was of $4,750 per year. The industrial sector produces a wide range of products for the domestic market and for export, including consumer goods, intermediate goods, and capital goods. By the early 1990s, it was producing about 1 million motor vehicles annually and about 32,000 units of motor-driven farming machines. On an annual basis, it was also producing 1.8 million tons of fertilizers, 4.7 million tons of cardboard and paper, 20 million tons of steel, 26 million tons of cement, 3.5 million television sets, and 3 million refrigerators. In addition, about 70 million cubic meters of petroleum were being processed yearly into fuels, lubricants, propane gas, and a wide range of petrochemicals. Besides, Brazil has at least 161,500 kilometers of paved roads and more 63 million megawatts of installed electric power capacity (Becker 88-90). Even with these figures, the economy cannot be considered developed. While the economic changes since 1947 raised the country's per capita income above US$2,000 in 1980, per capita income in 1995 was still only US$4,630. Growth and structural change have not altered significantly the country's extreme unequal distribution of wealth, income, and opportunity. Regardless of impressive rise in economic growth and Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-59103531691772080022020-03-06T04:41:00.001-08:002020-03-06T04:41:03.896-08:00econs assignment Essayecons assignment Essay econs assignment Essay An economist once said that most economic activities can be summarized as, ââ¬Å"People respond to incentives. The rest is commentaryâ⬠(Mankiw, 2008). This clearly highlights how vital it is the role of incentives in the field of economy. Incentive in short means the factor that benefits a certain group of people and encourages them to an option instead of other alternatives. The reason why people respond to incentives is because it benefits them and they often get more out of the same or lesser opportunity cost. Incentives can often be seen as a form of reward, resulting in a positive impact on people. Mankiw (2008), a renowned and experienced economist from Harvard University discussed the subject of his personal work incentives. He stated the worth of incentives that kept him working as well as the opportunity to work and earn some extra pay. In Malaysia, the Cooperatives and Consumerism Minister is attempting to pacify Malaysians by assuring them that the Government is trying their very best to maintain the fuel prices even tough global prices for oil are rising (The Star Online, 2011). If oil prices increase, prices for other goods will also increase as the same time and this would lead on a negative impact for consumers. This indirect incentive that the government is helping to lift is actually allowing better conditions for consumers. On a personal level, an example of incentive in our daily life is the usage of credit cards. Credit card is an important tool in todayââ¬â¢s world with the incentives provided including low interest rates and longer term of minimal amount repayment. However, there are many stiff competitions between companies such as Visa, MasterCard and American Express offering the same service and the only way the companies can attract customers is with their incentives. Visa gives a percentage of the purchases as cash back from some cards; accrue points in reward programs from other cards that allow the customers to get merchandise for paying their debts on time (Ramachandran, 2009). Recently, there is a new scheme that allows young adults that are earning less than RM3, 000 a month to own their own home (The Star Online, 2011). These young adults could own homes costing from RM100, 000 to RM200, 000 with 100% loans. My cousin is a newly graduated doctor that soon to be finishing his house manship now could actually afford to get his own home. Before, he couldnââ¬â¢t afford the 10% down payment even after 2 years working. Since this new Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-67932739291800382972020-02-18T20:05:00.001-08:002020-02-18T20:05:03.664-08:00Channel Tunnel (between UK and France) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsChannel Tunnel (between UK and France) - Essay Example Apart from that it also has a significant role in both the International Union of Railways (UIC) and the Community of European Railways (CER). This channel is also popularly called as the ââ¬Å"chunnelâ⬠because of its three-way tunnel encompassing rail connections. It connects at one end with Folkestone in England to Calais in France at the other one. After the treaty for the construction of rail link between France and England was signed in 1986, the consortium, which was responsible for carrying out the managerial tasks of this project, started to face severe problems. These problems were mostly based on fiscal (economic) matters. Apart from the money hurdle which was being faced with at the time, meeting the already set schedule and the most important of the lot, ensuring safety for the rails as well as the passengers traveling in them was a much bigger problem than the other ones. By 1990, many people started to have serious doubts whether this project would ever be completed. There was a do or die situation attached to this project and the authorities at the helm of affairs really had to do something solid to restore the confidence of people that was lost from them in this project. Channel Tunnelââ¬â¢s fire of 1986 is one classic example of the handling of fire regime within the tunnel and how the same should be tackled in the wake of another fire instance within the mega structure. When it became quite evident that this project was in serious jeopardy, Eurotunnel called upon the resources of Bechtel to play a bigger role in the accomplishment of what was left at that moment of time, a sheer dream. Bechtelââ¬â¢s involvement began in 1987. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-45268278276985629572020-02-04T00:23:00.001-08:002020-02-04T00:23:02.801-08:00Religion As A Means For Political And Economic Gains EssayReligion As A Means For Political And Economic Gains - Essay Example This statement will be tested through qualitative analysis of the existing literature on religion and a case study of Taliban. By looking into the question of whether Pakistan used Islam through Talibanization of Afghanistan essentially to stem the growing Pashtun nationalist movement, I will attempt to show that religion was used for political gains and virtually economic gains by a country which broke apart at the hands of a similar nationalist movement three decades ago. The outcome of this research can help to bring us closer to understanding religion and add to an ongoing debate on religion and its correlation with politics and economy. Keywords: religion, religious exploitation, religious values, fundamentalism, Taliban, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Pashtunistan Research Design in Anthropology (Final Project) 1. OBJECT The main function of religion is maintaining a desirable social order which protects the individuals and the society from physical and emotional harm caused by fellow members and "promises deliverance from deprivation" (Columbia Encyclopedia), but since it has the ability to gain a high level of acceptability among its followers, sometimes to the level of reverence, it demands a blind faith from who follow the rituals without reasoning. In their introduction to the first volume of the famed "Fundamentalism Project, " Fundamentalisms Observed, editors Martin Marty and R. Scott Appleby (1991) claim that the religious aspect of fundamentalism tends to express itself in the following four ways: as a "fighting for" the worldview associated with the religion; a "fighting with" the myths, traditions and doctrines created by the religion; a "fighting against" those who do not subscribe to the religion; and finally, a "fighting under" the god or other transcendent reference thought to be the religion's ultimate source. In under-developed societies religion has a stronger hold over the poor and the powerless who seek protection in its name and solace when they when they fail to achieve the desired goals in life. Since the clergy claim ownership of religion their role becomes the most important for the society as well as for the individual, sometimes even more important than God himself. Some high-priests become so powerful that their ascendancy rivals the powers of the rulers and other pressure groups. Thus religion commands absolute obedience from the poor and the powerless which enslaves them to the custodians of religion namely the clergy which in turn gives them the power to alter social behavior. More recently, such a phenomenon has come to be identified as "fundamentalism" whereby the clergy and associates have sought or achieved change of social, political and economic nature. "Any socio-political movement that requires of its members a strict adherence to specifi ed "fundamentals" or doctrines; that seeks to impose those fundamentals, by persuasion or force, on any who are outside the movement; and that claims for its motivation in doing so a divine, or otherwise transcendentally grounded, mandate." (Carr & Saha, 2001) This has happened in some societies while elsewhere other social factors emerged to mollify or cancel the magic of the religion and its custodians such as interfaith or sectarian rivalry, rise of progressive forces which further the power of reasoning and science and so on. History is full of incidents where clergy using religious edicts and faith have tried to alter social Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-10615203368875876242020-01-26T20:44:00.001-08:002020-01-26T20:44:03.458-08:00Animals Idioms in Chinese and English CulturesAnimals Idioms in Chinese and English Cultures Idioms are by all means the crystallization of a language due to its long history and also, they telling demonstration of wisdom of a nation. Chinese and English idioms have their different cultural traits. This paper compares Chinese and English idioms of animals, discusses the influence of cultural differences on Chinese and English idioms and gives some specific approaches to the understanding of Chinese and English idioms of animals. Keywords: cultural differences; similarities and differences; English contrast; idioms of Animals; 1. The concept of idioms of Animals and the reasons for studying the idioms of Animal The English world is just like a Kaleidoscope, also we can treat it as a Labyrinth.Animals and human beingshave been friends since old times. Languages of all kinds of nations own lots of words related to animals and so do Chinese and English. In the development of our society, animal words gradually get their stable meanings in all kinds of languages, namely, people associate their feelings and emotions, even thoughts and natural phenomena with different kinds of animals which are treated to represent different characters like people, or serve as omens. So animals gradually have become a certain kind of symbol in our thoughts, then this symbol rooted in the language at last. So in this world, there is a branch which can not be ignored-the english idiom whose function is indispensable.In this essay, it will focus on one branch of the English idiom, the idiom of animals, because when people use this kind of idiom, sometimes they will feel confused of this kind of idiom, for the reason of the different culture background and emotion towards different animals, people from west and east usually holds different view towards the same animals, but they can also reach agreement sometimes (à ©Ãâà à §Ã ¦Ã à ¦Ã¢â¬ ¢Ã 1999) .In the body part, Section 1 shows the different view towards the same animals. Section 2 talks about the same view towards the same animals. Section 3 states theà influencesà ofà Culturalà factorà onà idioms of animals.From the dictionary, the difinition of idiom is they are by all means the crystallization of a language due to its long history and also, they telling demonstration of wisdom of a nation. Without idioms, especially the idioms of animals.The language can became very dull and we can not express some feelings as vivid as right now. If we use a metaphor way to express, then it is just like the filtered water came from the purer water, the filtered product of a languageidioms, are of high quality. In terms of similar ity, the essay will deal with from the originating from folk life, originating from daily life and originating from custom background.The differences will be foucused on reflecting different geography, reflecting different value concepts and reflecting different religions. 2. The cultural connotation towards the animals in the English culture and Chinese culture The western history begins when the ancestors find and fight for their natural habitat by sailing in the sea, the western people have a complicated mixture of marine culture. During those tough timeof the struggle against with the sea, the western people formed a strong sense of controlness and invasion by force to enlarge their territory. Based on this thoughts, the western culture is marked by the westerners appreciation for competition and enterprise. These differences leads to so many cultural differences. For example, the geographic location, individual values, social awareness, the way of communication and expression.All these thoughts have formed the culture background which effects the idioms of animals. 2.1. An animal word has the same cultural connotation in English and Chinese In both English and Chinese, the same animal words contain the same or similar cultural connotation . All humanbeings are lives on the same planet. People have similar living atmosphere, cognitive ability and psychology;In both Chinese and English, people almost have the same information towards animals. Therefore, they have the same or similar realization and give the same cultural connotation to animal words. People sometimes also hold same views towards the same animals in both English and Chinese, Based on this emotion concept.then the influences have taken effects on the same animals.The intension of idioms of animals can connected with los of background informattion.However, the cultural reasons are difinitely ranks on the top of the list.Based on the aspect of folk life and the aspect of stereotype of thoughts., the study of the same view towards the idioms of the same animals will analyze it. 2.1.1 Discussion from the aspect of the intimacy with the human beings In this world, maybe the dog is the most loyal animal which people from both east and west would love it. But even dog is a favorite animal for most people, we still can find out that the emotion towards dog is a little different.From some popular American folk song, we can find how deep the emotion of the Americans towards the dog, people from the west often treat the dog as one of their family members. In the west, the common name of dog is Fido which extended from the latin word-fides which means faithful (Bakerà ¯Ã ¼Ã
âMona. 1992). Also lots of people of west name their dogs after their beloved family member, for instance, the ex-president of America, Bill Clinton name his dog after his uncle.So the idioms related to the dogs cames out, just as the top dog means the winner, the big dog means Mr.Big etc.But in the east, the idioms of dogs often have derogatory sense. Discussion from the aspect of religion influence People who learn English might know an idiom of elephant-the white elephant, which means an inanimate possession that is similarly unwanted and hard to get rid of, but too costly simply to throw out or abandon. Another idiom of elephant in english is as thick skinned as an elephant, which means stubborn and Obtuse. However, in the eastern country, the elephant is a symbol of strength and power, in some Buddhist countries, the elephant is also a holy symbol of their religion. 2.1.3 Discussion from the aspect of folk life Both the east and the west treat the pig as a symbol of idleness and stupid.The idioms of pig in the west and the east are all related to the bad side.For instance, Never cast ye your pearls before swine (Christine Ammer, 2005), this idiom means to waste precious words or deeds on the underserving. Another example is you cant make a silk purse from a sows ear, this means you cant turn an underserving creature or thing into one of great worth. Discussion from the aspect of stereotype of thoughts Both the Chinese and English think that the fox stands for cunning, so when English people say He is a fox, the Chinese people can easily catch the meaning of the sentence at the same atmosphere. To the English speaker and Chinese people, the first impression of pig is fat. It also represent laziness and stupidity. Thewolf is one kind of fierce wild animal in the forest. So its natural instincts are avariciousness and fierceness rooted in peoples minds. So we often hear some of the same expressions in English and in Chinese, such as a wolf in a sheeps clothing or cry wolf. In addition, when wolf is used to refer to a person, it means a man who always ready to make unsual advances to a woman. Therefore, in English, there is an idiom a wolf whistle (Christine Ammer, 2005). 2.2. An animal word has different cultural connotations in English and Chinese It can be seen that the cultural connotations of animal words in different languages in a subject to be further probe and the contrust and analysis of cultural connotations of animal words between English and Chinese. It is clear to get the conclusion that animal words is not only reflects the real animal but also get special cultural connotations of different cultures ( Bakerà ¯Ã ¼Ã
âMona. 1992) .Gnerally speaking, if people want to get a good knowledge of animal words, they must try their best to grasp the connotations of these words especially the cultural connotations, so they should have a comprehensive knowledge in order to understand the cultural differences in this task. People can be deeply acquaint with the cultural convention and living customs, then they can communicate with English speaking people naturally and easily. These idioms are given the same cultural meaning from their features, so in both English and Chinese, they can understand each other directly and easi ly no matter in cross-cultural communication or not. Meanwhile, with more and more communication, lots of new words come into both languages. We can find some idioms of animals with even the same images and the same intonations. 2.2.1 Discussion from the aspect of usage in daily life At first, doney is called ass which refer to the stupid and stubborn things and person.In the Aesops Fables, there is an ass in a lions skin, the other animals thought the lion is coming, and run away quickly.the donkey felt proud, but a fox know its not a lion, but a donkey, so the fox mocked the donkey (Nida, 1975). In English, an ass in a lions skin means to act/play the ass or to make an ass of onself. In the western culture, donkey is a symbol of foolishment, the ass wags his ears means the fool pretend smart. However, in the culture of east, people thought donkey is industrious, whats more, people dont need to look after them too much. 2.2.2 Discussion from the aspect of value concepts There is a paragraph taken from the Bible, the main ideal is when people come to this world, the God will choose the good from the bad. From this, we can get to know that the goat refers to the bad, from the time of the Bible, people realized that the value of sheep is more than the goat, so in English, the goat means the bad people or the Satyr. Let us look at the idiom of goat, for example, If beards were all, then goats would preach. This means old age does not necessarily betoken wisdom. In the east, people thought the goat is good, they take the advantages of the goats meat and skin, the goat has lots of usage (Smith, 1957). 2.2.3. Discussion from the aspect of custom background This is another good example of this essay, in the east, people think the bull is brave and industrious. Take the chinese people for instance, from the old times, people begin to use the bull to plow the fields.nowadays, the bull is still being used in the countryside, so the chinese usually use the bull to describe the industious people who work very hard and practical. Whats more, they also use the bull to describe the peole who seems very strong and healthy. In the west, people raise the bull in order to get the milk and meat, they did not use the bull in the agriculture too often. So in the west, the bull is refer to the fool, the people who are rude (Nida, 1975). For example, the bullhead means the stubborn.Irish bull means ridiculous way of saying. 2.2.4. Discussion from the aspect of geography influences From the day that can be recorded, horse is served to the human beings. No matter in the day of peace or the time of war, horse plays a very important role in every fields.Horse is an industrious animal. In the English, there are lots of idioms about horse, and the complimentary sense is basically the same.When it does not want to do something, then even you force him to do something, it still not works. In the east, people has the same way of saying. Among all the animals the horse may be the most sensible creature. She seems to understand men better than men understand them. If you are a careful observer, then you can find out that horse is always looking at its master. Knowing whatever feeling her master has. Apart from the horses sensitivity it always works without complaining. This is one of the reasons why Americans like to encourage other people to work as hard as a horse. It reminds us of the saying that we cannot force other people to do what we wish them to do without their content, of course. Without these expressions we can hardly find any means to let others know how we feel and what we think (Christine Ammer, 2005). 2.2.5 Discussion from the aspect of value concepts Fly is just like a mote in peoples eyes, they are noisy and dirty. So people use the fly in the ointmeny to express a trifling annoyance that spoils ones enjoyment. In the eyes of peole, they just treat the fly as some pests, so a fly on the wall means an unseen witness to a private situation, etc (Christine Ammer, 2005). 3. Theà influencesà ofà Culturalà factorà onà idioms of animals They reflect the relationship between language and culture. Human beings common social activities are in many aspects similar, so English and Chinese idioms of animals have similarities. Because of the cultural differences, English and Chinese idioms have differences in their detailed contents. Now the essay will list two main cultural impacts on the idioms of animals (à ¦Ã à ¦Ã ¤Ã ¸-à ¨Ã
à ±, 2003). 3.1 Similarities between English and Chinese idioms In both the English and Chinese, the idioms of animals are descriptive when they are aim to convey the right meanings. A western scholar once said that between two languages, chances are against it that there is a equivalence of phrases and sentences, only a few exceptions. Idioms are just one of those reasons to this are that human beings live on the same environment, confined to the same objective restrictions.From these aspect, it can be concluded that there is a common union of the sameness of the thoughts and emotions in human being of defferent parts in the whole world. 3.1.1 Originating from daily life Idioms are the common reflection of peoples daily life and experience, whats more, they are closely related to the practice of peoples daily life and work, revealing a universal truth from details so as to enlighten people. There are many idioms refined from the folk life. These idioms are created by working people, for instance, the farmers, workmen, businessmen, hunters, Soldiers and so on. They use familiar terms that were connected with their own life experience. 3.2 Differences between English and Chinese idioms Language is a medium of the culture in each nation. Generally speaking, the differences between English and Chinese idioms are the result of different cultural reasons. The Chinese Culture stress on the part of argriculture which has cultivated from generation to generation and is what our basic condition of life is attached to. Growing up in this land-foucused notion, the chinese people have long been dedicated to their homeland, they are able to feed themselves by raise the argriculture, in result, they thought of expansion and invasion of other nations is never of their concern. 3.2.1 Reflecting different geography Geographic Position. Lots of idioms of animals share the features of its surrounding environment. Nations geographical environment is a pattern that a language and culture have been developing. The geographical characteristics of the country are reflected in the national language in general and idioms in particular. The England is an island country which located in the western seaside of Europe. English people live by seaside and their life naturally connected with the industry of sailing and fishing. So many English idioms of animals are related to the creature in the sea. 3.2.2 Reflecting different value concepts The differences between Chinese and western value concepts mainly lie in the individualism and collective.The Westerners believe that everyone share the equal rights. They adore to the freedom and equality. Many English idioms of animals show Americans advocating of this aspect. Idioms are the essence of a language. They are closely related to a nations culture and enjoy great cultural values. They reflect the relation between culture and language. Each nation has its own geography, history, religion and social attitude. Because of the cultural generalities and differences (à ¦Ã Ã
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â, à ¥Ã ¼Ã à ¥Ã Ã
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½, 2002), English and Chinese Idioms have their similarities and differences. They are permeating and interfusing each other. So a comparative study of them can help us to learn a language well and understand the true meaning of others word in cross-culture communication. 3.2.3 Reflecting different religions Religion is a very important theme of culture. Different religions reflect different cultural thoughts, different cultural backgrounds and different cultural customs. Religion is a cultural phenomenon. Sometimes, the idioms of animals are closely related to theaspect of culture, just like the example of white elephant list above. So idioms can reflect the different religious background information. English and Chinese people share different religious faith. Different religions lead to the differences between English and Chinese idioms of animals. 4. The value of study on idioms of Animals in both Chinese culture and English culture The similarities and disfference between English and Chinese idioms lies deeply in the cultural background. 4.1. The importance of studying idioms of Animals Learning a foreign language, especially the idioms of animals is a long way and we need to pay a lot of attention and efforts, what we should know is that we cannot and should not learn a foreign language in a very short time, so does the idioms of animals learning. The learning and using idiomatic appropriate is very difficult for non-native speakers, especially when we learn the idioms of animals, after we have a clear view of the culture background information of these idioms, we can have a better understanding of this area, and for this reason we need to learn it gradually, only in this way, we can handle them easily and effiently. 4.2. Consideration of the eassy This article should be an enlightment to all of us that when welearning English idioms of animals, we are supposed to grasp the cultural background in mind in order to acquire better learning. Whats more, the study of both English and Chinese idioms shed lights for our studying of the thinking patteren of both languages, which is of central essence for our learning purpose. Moreover, the analysis of origins causing different idiomatic expressions and cultural differences in this article can provide a way for us to understand idioms correctly and use them in cross-cultural communication precisely and accurately. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-87157023853466771232020-01-18T17:07:00.001-08:002020-01-18T17:07:03.217-08:00Women and Religion in the Middle EastReligion and Women in the Middle East Religion goes hand in hand with culture, and in the Muslim countries this is very apparent. The cultural importance of men over women may have stemmed from religion, however it was further recognized when imperialist countries introduced capitalism and class divides. ââ¬Å"Islam must combat the wrenching impact of alien forces whose influence in economic, political, and cultural permutations continues to prevailâ⬠(Stowasser 1994, 5).Now, instead of an agrarian state where both men and women had their place, difficulties have formed due to the rise in education and awareness that women can and do have a place in society beyond domestic living Though women are not equal to men anywhere around the world, the differences between men and women are greater possibly in the Muslim world, partially due to religion and culture. ââ¬Å"Fewer women are educated in the Muslim world than in other culture areasâ⬠¦The percentage of women working other than agriculture is probably the smallest in the world, the birth rate the highest, and the laws regarding marriage and related matters most unequalâ⬠(Stowasser 1994, 5). Though, of recent years inequality has been blamed on the Islamic religion, gender inequalities were in the Middle East before Islam. However, by radical groups and male elite, women are being discriminated because of their gender due to religious connotations amongst other things. The male bias, like in most religions, has been enforced within society like in the text of the Qurââ¬â¢an.Keddie and Beck asserts that, ââ¬Å"In Islamic law women have male guardians; womanââ¬â¢s testimony is worth half that of a man; women are considered to have less reason than menâ⬠(Beck and Keddie 1978, 25-26). So the Qurââ¬â¢an in many of the Middle Eastern countries has been taken and formed in ââ¬ËIslamic Lawââ¬â¢ which may not entirely reflect what is said in the Holy Book, but has been used to discr iminate and divide, not only gender, but class and status. What will be discussed is the divide between men and women due to religion, and why that is in certain countries in the Middle East and not others.It is not necessarily the Qurââ¬â¢an that has brought about the discrimination of women. There is male dominance in most every religious book. However it is how it has been translated, either by modernists, conservatives, and fundamentalists and how this has altered the treatment of women in society. In addition to this, it is also important to consider the country and how it is run. In the Middle East, regime is varied and eclectic; it would seem that the countries that are run by elite monarchists such as Saudi Arabia, have stricter laws on women and are more conservative or fundamental Islamists.On the other hand, countries that have a more lenient approach have better education and rights for women (though still not as forward as some Western countries). These thoughts by f undamentalists or conservatives relate to Muhammedââ¬â¢s spouses and how they are discussed in the Qurââ¬â¢an as there are no female prophets. According to Stowasser, the main components and treatment of women are set in the Qurââ¬â¢an, which is ââ¬Ësegregation and quiet domesticity; modest comportment, indeed, invisibility through veiling; ascetic frugality; devout obedience to God and His Prophet.Insofar as the latter was these womenââ¬â¢s husband, special emphasis is also placed on wifely obedience (Beck and Keddie 1978, 118). ââ¬â¢ This is seen as a very conservative view and parts of the Qurââ¬â¢an have been used to determine this, which is said to be harmful to women. Modern interpretations of the Qurââ¬â¢an suggest that manipulation of texts has led to foreign intervention due to human rights issues on gender. However, the modernists do not believe in segregation, and though religion is important to have, you should not be discriminated on how devout y ou are.They use the Qurââ¬â¢an not in a literal sense, but in a way which fits into modern society and works with both genders. The teachings in the Qurââ¬â¢an can be twisted either way. Practices of fundamental Islamists vary when it comes to marital rights, education, and behavior and punishment of women according to the Qurââ¬â¢an. In some societies, women in the judicial process have very few rights that are the same as men, and their punishment seems to be much greater. Treatment by the Taliban in Afghanistan, and by other groups such as the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood all contribute to how women are treated legally.Zohreh Arshadi asserts that in countries such as Iran, ââ¬Å"The Islamic punishments have encouraged a culture of violence against womenâ⬠¦ The fact that men receive a lighter punishment if they commit a violence against women undoubtedly encourages such violence. We saw how women could be killed with impunity during alleged adultery. Stoning t o death for adultery, although technically admissible for both sexes, has also been carried out mainly against womenâ⬠(Arshadi 2012).It is in countries such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, and some non-Middle Eastern countries where the Qurââ¬â¢an is taken as a literal word and law, and there is constituted into actual state law. This means that certain texts from the Qurââ¬â¢an are used to treat women violently. For example a passage in the Qurââ¬â¢an states: Hadith Muslim (4:1982)à The Prophet said, ââ¬Å"I saw Hell also. No such (abominable) sight have I ever seen as that which I saw today; and I observed that most of its inhabitants were women. They said: Messenger of Allah, on what account is it so?He said: For their ingratitude or disbelief (bi-kufraihinna). It was said: Do they disbelieve in Allah? He said: (Not for their disbelief in God) but for their ingratitude to their husbands. â⬠Again, the inferiority of women to men that is listed in the Q urââ¬â¢an has meant that fundamentalist groups put pressures on women that is not apparent for the men. The repetition of how ââ¬Ëunholyââ¬â¢ and disobedient women are means that is the way they are treated, which infringes on their rights. This was apparent in Kuwait, where a monarch (Sheikhs) and the elite ruled with heavy Islamic laws until the 1980s.There were no schools for girls; it was compulsory for women to be covered in only black by puberty, where then they would soon be married; and Polygamy was common place where not only could a man have up to four wives (condoned by Islamic Law) but could also keep female slaves (Beck and Keddie 1987, 174). This is a typical scene in fundamental countries; women with no education, little rights that match the men, and severe punishment if thought to be misbehaving. Though this has changed since the 1980s, it will still haunt their history.Though there are very few states that are run by this ancient Islamic way, there are sti ll groups that carry this out in modern Middle Eastern countries. For instance the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt have carried out ritual beatings and stoning of women, and it has been made clear they use the Qurââ¬â¢an as a way of putting women in a domestic place only. Asserted by a female blogger in Egypt ââ¬ËIt is abundantly clear that the Muslim Brotherhood do not see women rights as natural and inalienable. Their rights must be restricted by Sharia and their duties in society; duties which are in themselves dictated by Sharia. (2011. On Coptic Nationalism; The Position of the Muslim Brotherhood on Women and Children ââ¬â Analysis and Critique of the FJPââ¬â¢s Parliamentary Election Program. ) Another example is the Taliban in Afghanistan. The Revolutionary Women of Afghanistan have claimed that there is whipping, beating, and verbal abuse of women not clothed in accordance with Taliban rules. For instance not having their ankles covered, adultery, and with the ban of cosmetics even painted nails could result with their fingers being cut off. (2012.Punishment of Muslim Women. ) This punishment and treatment is said to be within Islamic teachings, however it is conservative and fundamentalist groups that read the Qurââ¬â¢an literally that enforce such rulings. When we talk of fundamentalist countries in the Middle East in association with religion, Saudi Arabia comes to mind. It is, so to speak, the heartland of religious and holy land. Mecca and Medina, the place where billions take holy migration to, is situated here and therefore Saudi Arabia has strong religious ties and feelings within.It is ruled by the Saud family, who are said to be direct descendants of the prophet Muhammed. The Saud family uses this as a determinant of power. George Lipsky claims that, ââ¬Ë[Saudââ¬â¢s] used this deeply conservative and puritanical Sunnite orthodoxy as a basic instrument for gaining and wielding power. The result was the creation of a political order in which paramount authority is in the hands of an executive who fills three traditional roles, that of the tribal leader, religious leader, and king. ââ¬â¢ (Lipsky, George A. 1959. Saudi Arabia; its people, its society, its culture.New Haven: Hraff Press. Pg 5) This should assert that the Saudi Kingdom rules by very traditional and conservative ways, including religion. ââ¬ËThe public practice of any form of religion other than Islam is prohibited in Saudi Arabia. Severe punishment (imprisonment and deportation) can result should such activities come to the attention of the authorities. ââ¬â¢ (British Embassy Riyadh. 2012. UK in Saudi Arabia. http://ukinsaudiarabia. fco. gov. uk/en/help-for-british-nationals/living-in-saudi-arabia/) All laws in Saudi are based from the Qurââ¬â¢an, and the law is sharia.This means that as an extremely religious country, it has had problems facing gender equality and human rights. The penalty for any misconduct, be it adultery to dr essing ââ¬Ëinappropriatelyââ¬â¢ is punishable by public beheading or death by stoning. To enforce religious law, the Mutawwa or religious police have been put in place. Mutawwa police have the right to cut off womenââ¬â¢s left hand if misbehaving. It is this large enforcement of extreme religion which has gained attention from the Western countries, but little else due to their huge amounts of oil.Lipsky reiterates that, ââ¬ËWomen, the vast majority of whom live in seclusion and are almost totally without education. ââ¬â¢(Lipsky, George A. 1959. Saudi Arabia; its people, its society, its culture. New Haven: Hraff Press. pg 131) There have been countless claims and acts of violence towards women due to ââ¬Ëreligion. ââ¬â¢ However, it is more of a way for the Saud regime to stay in power, religion is used as a means of quieting the masses. Though the country is forever modernizing, and womenââ¬â¢s groups funded by the West are starting to show, the punishment f or speaking out is far too dangerous and risky.Modernization of the Middle East has had itââ¬â¢s implications, good and bad. The treatment of women and their rights in most countries have improved. The countries that were colonized have modernized much more than the Middle Eastern areas that were ignored by imperialist. Politically, economically, and socially these countries have improved their human rights with the course of industrialization. The gap between women and men has not gotten worse, but instead have been brought to the attention of international human rights advocators.Countries such as Iraq, Egypt, Syria, and other revolutionary countries has seen the rise in female activists of the Islamic religion. This may be due to these countries more lenient state approach to having Islam as a main feature of their political system. As these states have seen the rise in social demands for political reform, it means their policies are more liberal than that of a monarchical run state with heavy religious influence. Stowasser asserts that, ââ¬Å"Modernists have long opposed the notion that womenââ¬â¢s segregation is a necessary aspect of moral Muslim societyâ⬠(Stowasser 1994, 132).She goes onto agree with modernists who maintain that, ââ¬Å"the Qurââ¬â¢an established womenââ¬â¢s equality with men in all essential respects, a fact misunderstood by Medieval Muslim lawyersâ⬠(Stowasser 1994, 132). ââ¬â¢ Modernists believe that many fundamentalist groups manipulate what the text of the Qurââ¬â¢an says in order to fit their social rule. With the study of Kuwait, modernization of the country brought much social reform and change. Instead of the state being run by heavy Islamic law and religious lineage, Beck and Keddie say that, ââ¬Å"the community and education of women [in Kuwait] had been the entry of women into government serviceâ⬠¦Hundreds of Kuwaiti women [are] working in schools and offices alongside menâ⬠(Beck and K eddie 1978, 175). Though there are still problems facing women in Kuwait, due to modernization, religion has less of a restrictive connotations, and more of a liberating one. When speaking of modernization versus fundamentalism, in terms of religious rule, the dress code and especially the Hijab and veiling is a topic that determines how liberal a state is on religion and gender. Initially, the dress code of women, particularly the Hijab, was mainly a garment of status.In the Qurââ¬â¢an, it says that women must be dressed modestly and cover in accordance so. Again, it is how groups and states interpret the Qurââ¬â¢an and how extreme and literal they take this to mean. Still today the way a woman dresses reveals status and wealth, though punishment for covering that is not in accordance to law or is seen as provoking can be punished with death. Though the veiling of women has initial religious meanings, it has become more of a political gesture and stance. To not be seen with a veil or appropriate dress has ââ¬ËWesternââ¬â¢ connotations, which has negative implications.Leila Ahmed agrees that, ââ¬Å"it is a discourse on women and the veil in which another history is also inscribed, the history of colonial domination and the struggle against it and the class divisions around that struggleâ⬠(Ahmed 1992, 130). ââ¬â¢ It has little to do with religion; however, the veil has been used as a way to enforce religion in fundamentalist areas. It is more of a way to speak against imperialists and the Western world, not necessarily religion. Haddad and Esposito assert that, ââ¬ËThe veil and Islamic dress are the outward obvious signs of womenââ¬â¢s adherence to the new Islamic trends.However, the veil and formal compliance with tradition do not necessarily mean commitment to all the ideological baggage associated with itâ⬠(Haddad 1998, 182). They agree that is mainly a conservative way of approaching Islam and anti-imperialist feelings. Tho ugh the discourse on the Hijab and dress has been battered with human rights issues, it is not religion to blame, only the extreme use of it in states. Due to modernization, the human rights of women in the Middle East and the Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-37752175656107640502020-01-10T13:30:00.001-08:002020-01-10T13:30:03.353-08:00Issue Connection PaperBrittany Baron Professor Brinker English 1190 30 November 2010 Problems in the U. S. A Today Out of all the things going on in our world today, I find that our human interest naturally draws us automatically toward the unusual or what's not normally excepted, valued, or understood. It's more of how we were taught when we were kids or how we were raised in specific environments that sets us apart from every one, everywhere else. The issues I have connected are: legalizing marijuana, medical heroine, and the widening acceptance of Ritalin.I have looked at each issue individually and also looked at them together in different orders or groups to see what issues led to another more easily or in a more direct fashion. As a whole I feel that mainly they're all connected by trying to help people, either with health problems, addictions, or just to help them feel better. Jenna spoke on the issue of legalizing marijuana, Matt spoke on the subject of medically administering heroine, and Jessica spoke about the widening acceptance of Ritalin.Jenna had the issue of legalizing marijuana and stated that ââ¬Å"847,000 people a year were arrested for marijuana related chargesâ⬠, which I found to be a lot of people. People who I'm sure are not all criminals and don't act or hold themselves in a criminal manner. At least not in societies general viewed description or image of one. It seems like this is just creating a larger problem than trying to prevent or stop it. Just like Ritalin, marijuana can be used for good or abused in the worst ways, which could lead to sickness or even worse, possibly death(worst case scenario).She also went on by stating that ââ¬Å"Marijuana helps with tumors. ââ¬Å", this I find is a great thing and can be connected to the issue of medical heroine. Both of these so called drugs are viewed as a menace and nuisance to the society. If you look at them in a more helpful and positive way, they can help many people who need it. People all over the country who struggle from a lifestyle full of pain just because of their illness can at least try to relax or live the rest of their lives in ease. Which seems morally and egally acceptable in any one's eyes if they have a heart that feels sympathy. An addict should be looked at just like an alcoholic. An alcoholic has a hard time telling themselves not to drink, in many cases, they cannot stop themselves and ended up drinking or drunk multiple days out of the week. If they don't, they end up going through withdrawals and their bodies themselves are all confused and shaken up. Just like that, heroin addicts need their fix just as bad. Their brain has been overrun by this drug and pre-programmed to make the body crave and need it to function properly.Without such normality, they cannot function, they literally get involuntarily sick and cannot do anything about it but want more. At this point, I'm pretty sure there needs to be some medical action because no humans body should be put through such rigorous drastic changes as these. What Matt brought to my attention on his issue was that other countries have tried medically administering it to addicts twice a day and showed improvement or complete treatment in due time. Except there are some negative to this also: Who would be left to pay for these facilities that the U.S has not built yet? and the 100% dose of heroin that the doctors do administer them, who pays for that? From what and who I know, addicts don't have the money to necessarily do either. Heroine is becoming a larger and larger problem in the U. S. Matt even stated that the DEA statistically proves that 1. 2% of Americans have already tried it at least once. Not to mention, the heroine that's on the streets could be cut with fentanyl or other drugs that can lead to death when mixed. Just the mixture of fentanyl with heroine alone leads to multiple deaths in the Detroit area alone every year.It's sad to think that an addict could be looking for a fix so they weren't sick, and ended up dying because of some fentanyl-cut-drug. With the issue being as large-at-hand as it is, maybe this should be broadcast across the news and have the country vote or decide on what is right to do or not to do. We as Americans should be willing to help out our brother and sister American citizens that are in need, especially since we have no problem sending millions of dollars over seas to help other countries with their problems when they don't involve us at all.Finally, the growing acceptance of Ritalin: is it taking over our country? According to Jessica, Ritalin itself helps control the central nervous system, relieves repulsive behaviors', and aids levels of transmitters. These seem to be good symptoms' and all until she explained that the drug was being given to kids as young as 3-5years old. When she went further on to explain what exactly this drug was for, it came to me as if the symptoms these 3-5 year olds were being diagnosed with, could possibly be just any young kid acting out or being themselves for that matter.Just like any other drug such as Tylenol or Advil, on the back of the bottle they have directions or explanation of age(s) and pills per hour(s) to be consumed or given daily, any prescribed medications should be taken with caution too. I don't care what kind of doctor you are with what level of degree you hold, I would NEVER in my right mind feed my little child(if I had one) Ritalin if the child was under the age of five years old. It seems absurd! Especially when Jessica went on to tell us that, in 1991,10-14year olds were arriving at the Emergency Room because of Ritalin.Furthermore, that it was found to cause weight loss and over 2000 thefts of it were reported in the year 2000 by the DA. You'd figure this prescribed drug would be used as a helpful tool of the medical age we have grown so accustom too, but just a like every other drug, even street drugs, can be used in both positive and negative ways . So if you step back and look at all these drugs in perspective, some may look worse than they actually are, and the ones you expected to be the more accepted because of their prescribed status could be the more dangerous.I am not saying that every case follows the last because it never does, but I think America needs to come to the conclusion that marijuana and heroine might not be as bad as they're made out to be. And some prescribed drugs can be abused and cause death and disaster. Take caution when it come to drugs, don't put yourself in any unnecessary circumstance, and don't take any chances if you don't need to, Because doing it once could have you hooked for life. And we don't want that, now, do we? Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-82321198736146971242020-01-02T09:53:00.001-08:002020-01-02T09:53:03.525-08:00Questions On The Care Values - 1570 Words â⬠¢ How they would apply the following care values to their chosen service user: 1. Confidentiality [27] Confidentiality is a very important think to ensure there is trust between doctors and their patients. If there is no certainty between a doctor and their patients, patients may not want to seek medical attention or to give the doctors the information they need in order to provide good care without guarantee of confidentiality. However sharing appropriate information with colleagues is essential for safe and effective care for both the patient and the wider community of patients. As a doctor, you need to make sure that the patients know that, unless they say no, their personal information may be disclosed for the sake of their own care.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦You should respect, and help the patients exercise their legal rights to: â⬠¢ Be informed about how the information is used â⬠¢ Have access of their health records. 2. Effective communication: [28] â⬠¢ Effective doctor-patient communication is a central clinical function in building a therapeutic doctor-patient relationship, which is the heart and art of medicine. This is important in the delivery of high-quality health care. Much patient dissatisfaction and many complaints are due to breakdown in the doctor-patient relationship. However, many doctors tend to overestimate their ability in communication. Over the years, much has been published in the literature on this important topic. We review the literature on doctor-patient communication. â⬠¢ A doctor s communication and interpersonal skills encompass the ability to gather information in order to facilitate accurate diagnosis, counsel appropriately, give therapeutic instructions, and establish caring relationships with patients. These are the core clinical skills in the practice of medicine, with the ultimate goal of achieving the best outcome and patient satisfaction, which are essential for the effective delivery of health care â⬠¢ Basic communication skills in isolation are insufficient to create and sustain a successful therapeutic doctor-patient relationship, which consists of shared perceptions and feelings regarding the nature of the problem, goals of treatment, andShow MoreRelatedStandard 1 Understand Your Role1598 Words à |à 7 PagesStandard 1 Understand Your Role Question 1 Understand your own role The element/s below are the main themes incorporated in my job description and role [ ] Assisting individuals in developing their skills, facilitating access and enrolment in further education/community education, college course and assisting individual to maintain and develop a range of relationships within the community including friends, neighbours and other social contact. [ ] Pursuing the individualââ¬â¢s desire for paid or unpaidRead MoreCritical Evaluation Of Primary Health Care1199 Words à |à 5 PagesQuestion one: Identify and outline three (3) significant issues in the case study? One (1) significant issue is to be identified from each of the following areas: Question one answer The significant issue in primary health care identified in this case study is the fact that Joan has not had her kids immunised due to the fact she states ââ¬Å"my kids my rulesâ⬠and also she states to the nurses that her sister had told her the immunisations gave her kids autism, so there was no need point in having herRead MoreEssay on Nursing Coat of Arms1144 Words à |à 5 Pageswhose focus is not only to care for the physical aspects of an illness but also to integrate the psychological, spiritual, and social aspects of the clientââ¬â¢s life into their care. The values of the nursing profession are based upon the teachings of Florence Nightingale; a pioneer of the nursing profession. Nursing is not only based on scientific knowledge and evidence-based practice, but also on a foundation of moral values that help provide the client with the most humane care possible. A Coat of ArmsRead MoreNursing Theory : Jean Watson895 Words à |à 4 PagesNursing Theory: Jean Watson As nursing has progressed, theories surrounding the profession have changed. Each of these theories influence nurses today. There are underlying concepts and values that are typically included within these theories such as patience, caring, and respect. One theory is very prominent today and that is the theory created by Jean Watson. Her theory focuses primarily on caring. In fact, the theory involves ten clinical caritas processes. A repetitive theme throughout JeanRead MoreThe Sunshine Act Reporting Requirements For Medical Device Companies950 Words à |à 4 Pagesas a transfer of value when interacting with U.S. physicians, teaching hospitals, or teaching medical organizations under the Federal Sunshine Act. Starting January 2016, the U.S. Federal Government modified the U.S. Sunshine Act reporting requirements for medical device companies. Medical device companies must thoroughly detail the product marketed name associated with transfer of value that is reported when interaction with a physician takes place in and outside any health care setting. In theRead MoreDiversity, Assumption And Ethnocentrism1459 Words à |à 6 Pagesare and how in the nursing profession, it is important to be aware of these and the ways in which they all can hinder our nursing care. I will also focus on how we may need to find ways to accommodate diversities while providing care for clients, ways that assumption may hinder our n ursing care or how some ethnocentric values may negatively influence our nursing care. Diversity According to Oregon State Universities Steering Committee, diversity is the concept that encompasses acceptance and respectRead MorePeople Like Us By David Brooks861 Words à |à 4 Pagesââ¬Å"We donââ¬â¢t really care about diversity all that much in Americaâ⬠(132). In ââ¬Å"People Like usâ⬠David Brooks takes a logical approach through examining the demographics of our neighborhoods, our educational institutions, and he touches on an emotional approach by having his audience examine their values; he does this with hopes of having his audience question their word choice for the American value diversity, and question if the way they are living their lives invites diversity. Brooks uses the diversityRead MoreProfessional Nursing Article1097 Words à |à 5 Pagestheir own personal health and well being may be sacrificed. The primary purpose of this nursing of this study was to gather baseline data on the health promoting lifestyles of RNs. The RNs that were studied in this article worked in six major health care and educational institutions in southeast Pennsylvania. This study also had the goal of generated data for future research and educated nurses on the importance of personal health. This study utilized a descriptive correlational study design. TheyRead MoreThe Importance Of Verbal Communication Important For Health Professionals1226 Words à |à 5 PagesIntroduction: Itââ¬â¢s important that all Health Professionals have high degree of competencies to ensure that patients receive the highest quality care. Two competencies: Professionalism and Communication are pivotal for all Health Professionals. As such, many Health Professionals continually face many challenges and difficulties in a daily basis. One common challenge that many professional face, is delivering ââ¬Ëbad newsââ¬â¢ to patients about their limited choices in treatments and expenses of these treatmentsRead MoreThe Differences Between Diversity, Assumptions And Ethnocentrism So You Can Gain Understanding, Acceptance And Respect1529 Words à |à 7 Pagesand duties to provide ethical, safe care for the patients they look after. The patient population is becoming increasingly diverse and nurses need to understand and learn how to deal with the diversity. All of our patients are different and will need different care. Accommodating diversity will be easier with knowledge and exper ience and will make a difference in how we provide that care. If nurses can work together, we can make a difference in the health care system by not making assumptions, learning Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-65474226366608371242019-12-25T06:19:00.001-08:002019-12-25T06:19:03.286-08:00Organization Communication Theories And Perspectives Case Study Introduction This case study analysis was written based on the journal How Do You Get Anything Done Around Here? Written by Marian L. Houser and Astrid Sheil. This article has describe that how organization communication theories and perspectives works within a family company. Relationships of key characters Kate Elliott is a recent MBA graduate with two yearsââ¬â¢ working experience. She got a new product develop case of the Donaldson Family Foods company, if she handle that well, she will become the brand manager of this company. Jeff Donaldson who is the president and the CEO of this family business. Rick Clark is Kateââ¬â¢s immediate supervisor. Tom Kadzinsky a veteran product development specialist of this company. Dave Seavers is from independent research Angie Parker who is the secretary of Mr. Donaldson. Main Concepts Salient issues and problems of this case The management level of this company has lack communication with their employees. The company never empower their employees, which makes all the employees become lazy and more likely to listen the orders from the SMART group. Symptoms of the communication problem The symptoms of the communication are they never empowered their employee. Every decision that employees made must be wait SMART has given its approval. That makes all the employees become lazy and satisfy with their personal situation. Kate even cannot contact with Jeff when she has a situation need to handle in. I think that Kate is veryShow MoreRelatedHow Communication Impact Leadership And The Decision Making Process Of Management1130 Words à |à 5 Pages1. 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I will state some of the strengths and some of the weaknesses of each theory that was mentioned above. Lastly, my opinion for each of these theories would be provided to give you a look on how theyRead MoreThe Interpretative View Of Organizational Communication1703 Words à |à 7 Pages The interpretative view of organizational communication developed from a humanistic approach to organizational behavior. The approach views organizations as cultural centers that develop over time. Consequently, the cultural setting of an organization determines the relationship between the management and the employees as we ll as between the employees. 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The ââ¬Å"receiverâ⬠is the personRead MoreTrust, Communication And The Modes Of Existence Essay1652 Words à |à 7 PagesTrust, Communication and the Modes of Existence Trust is had by Agariya and Singh (2011) as the variable most used in research to explain the construction of the buyer-seller relationship, basis of relationship marketing. Authors show that trust is fully perceived by the consumer when there is a perfect alignment of competence and goodwill (benevolence) by the representative of the organization, like a employee (Crosby et al., 1990; Ganesan, 1994; Morgan and Hunt, 1994; Doney and Canon, 1997). That Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-58844004551033359762019-12-17T02:09:00.001-08:002019-12-17T02:09:02.160-08:00The Human Mind Applies The Concept Of Beauty - 900 Words The human mind applies the concept of beauty to the objects it perceives. Without a spectator, a creation has no value. Does art require an audience in order to be branded ââ¬Ëbeautifulââ¬â¢? A recent exhibition at the Talbot Rice Gallery titled ââ¬ËBeholderââ¬â¢ aimed to answer the contemporary opinion of ââ¬Ëwhat is beautiful?ââ¬â¢ In this exhibition an artist Anthony Schrag wrote a brief essay that accompanied his work. In it he wrote: ââ¬Å"I think we forget that art objects are just that ââ¬â objects, paper, pigment, wood and glue, canvas or glass: it is only a thing. But it is us and our human interactions that give these objects meaning, power and beauty.â⬠[1] This statement reconsiders the outlook on how individuals place the term beauty upon. Taking into consideration how taste and life experiences would impact the way the viewer felt towards the artwork before them. The exhibition as a whole displayed various use of subject matter and media, from historic artworks to contemporary internet film pieces. This vast range makes the collection appealing to every audienceââ¬â¢s interest. Overall the chosen pieces hung harmoniously together within the galleryââ¬â¢s white walls. All individual in their own right but as a unit create a balanced display of visuals, which mirrors not only the theme of the exhibition but perhaps societies generalised notion of beauty as well. Situated centrally on the wall of the gallery is a piece by Edward Summerton, 2wit 2woo and RSPB. It is titled ââ¬ËFlock of Starlingsââ¬â¢ (2010).Show MoreRelatedThird Breaking Down His Most Important Philosophies1097 Words à |à 5 PagesMichael Diaz Professor Keedy April 17, 2015 Core Comp. II Discovery Draft Part 2 Third-Breaking down his most important philosophies: I. Present and explain in depth the each of the following: A. How he came up with such ideas. B. Provide example/ apply to life: 1. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 2. Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science 3. Critique of Practical Reason 4. Critique of the Power of Judgment 5. Critique of Pure Reason a. Knowledge b. Metaphysics Topic: Critique ofRead MoreLanguage And The Human Language1235 Words à |à 5 Pagesrepresents whole concepts by using symbols as well as combinations of those symbols or in laymanââ¬â¢s terms, grammar. Today, scientists argue as to whether or not animals truly have language. In my opinion animals do not have language but rather they have a communication system. I believe language is specific to human beings and cannot universally be applied to the way animals communicate. While I believe animals all possess their own systems to communicate, because they cannot understand or apply the intricaciesRead MoreThe Effects Of Covergirl Makeup On Societies, Economies, And Environments1729 Words à |à 7 PagesThe concept of using makeup has been around for centuries. The oldest recollection of the use of cosmetics can be found in Egypt 10,000 B.C.E with the use of scented oils and ointments for skin protection. Then soon after, the Chinese were using makeup to make their faces fair in c omplexion and achieve their standards of beauty. Not long after the Europeans followed. Multitudes of people today use makeup everyday, but we probably do not think twice about its effects on the world around us. The purposeRead MoreThe Idea Of A University1528 Words à |à 7 Pagesclarifies ââ¬Å"â⬠¦Knowledgeâ⬠¦as a natural tendency to refine the mind, and to give it an indispositionâ⬠¦towards excesses and enormities of evilâ⬠¦It generates within the mind a fastidiousnessâ⬠¦[which] will create an absolute loathing of certain offenses.â⬠By this Newman means knowledge is an extension of prior understanding. It is more developed and essentially its own good. Delaney, a daily blogger, summarizes Newmanââ¬â¢s views on how knowledge plays a role in humansââ¬â¢ lives in Discourse Five: ââ¬Å"Knowledge is its own endRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Intelligence And Its Development Essay1140 Words à |à 5 PagesIntroduction According to the proposed theory of human intelligence and its development (Sternberg, 1999a), a common set of processes underlies all aspects of intelligence. These processes are hypothesized to be universal. These processes are applied to different kinds of tasks and situations depending on whether a given problem requires practical skills and creative skills. Practical skills used to implement, apply, or put into practice ideas in real-world contexts. It involves individuals applyingRead MoreThe Importance Of The Romantic Period And Feeling Melancholy1486 Words à |à 6 PagesPeriod in literature, such elements that expressed relations between perception and reality and naturalistic tendencies played an important role in the transition of new influences and new ways of thinking. After all, it is easier to relate to those concepts when the stories are no longer focused on the empire, but more on the individual and the world that they are a part of instead. The Romantic Period in literature was an era that blossomed throughout the span of the 18th century-- 1785 to 1832, toRead MoreFigurative Language And The Language1305 Words à |à 6 Pagesrobustâ⬠(Dickens, 1587). This is a beautiful, visual representation of one finding pleasure from what they are reading. Thus, there are different types of linguistic phenomena, one of which is figurative language. It is a personââ¬â¢s way to saturate the mind with profound thoughts centered around its meaning. It has an interesting background, covers a wide array of literary devices, is applied within different types of writing, and people employ these devices within their daily language. Figurative languageRead MoreConcept One : Soy Candles Vs. Paraffin Candles913 Words à |à 4 PagesConcept One:Soy Candles vs. Paraffin Candle Headline - use for health The one simple way to prevent health risks found in the air This women was in shock when she learned what toxins were in her candle Four new ways to start breathing healthier - TODAY Headline: eco-conscious 4 things lurching in candles that no one wants you to know about 4 ways to go green and still be girly 4 ways to be eco-conscious without having to eat kale This women was in shock when she learned what was on her sofaRead MoreThe Evolution of Western Thought Essay1502 Words à |à 7 PagesThroughout modern history no other period of human evolution has had a greater effect on the way people think than the enlightenment. The philosophers and great thinkers of the enlightenment changed the logic of the human mind for the better and propelled a period of mass advancement in all aspects of society. Western thought progressed over time to help build a more intellectual society. Modern philosophers such as Max Horkheimer and Immanuel Kant incorporated their views of Western Thought intoRead MorePlato And Platos SocratesTheory Of Recollection1018 Words à |à 5 PagesRecollection and Socrates Piety. Beauty. Holiness. Justice. Equality. Goodness. At first glance these words seem pretty easy to understand. They characterize life and the actions within it. But, how do humans really know what these values mean? Socratesââ¬â¢ Theory of Recollection is only one example of how philosophers have tried to answer this question of knowledge. In Platoââ¬â¢s dialogue, ââ¬Å"Phaedoâ⬠Socratesââ¬â¢ illuminates his Theory of Recollection where he believes that humans have knowledge of these ideals Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-47027094700209598972019-12-08T22:50:00.001-08:002019-12-08T22:50:03.309-08:00Chinese Zodiac Sign free essay sample The year of your birth does not just indicate your age! According to the Chinese system of Astrology, the year of birth indicates a certain phase or aspect of a sixty-year cycle of time. Three systems are used for counting and classifying the years: The ten Heavenly Stems, the twelve Earthly Branches and the twelve Animals. The exact origins of the twelve animal system remain unknown. However, legend has it that, once upon a time, the Jade King was bored, having nothing to do in Heaven. He did not see what was happening on Earth, as he had servants satiating his every wish and desire. He decided that he wanted to see the animals that inhabited the earth so he sent word to his advisors to bring him twelve animals (which he considered to be a good sampling. ) The advisor first sent an invitation to the Rat, telling him to also bring the cat. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Zodiac Sign or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Rats jealousy prevented the cat from actually receiving the invitation. Further invitations were sent on to the Ox, the Tiger, the Rabbit, the Dragon, the Snake, the Horse, the Ram, the Monkey, the Rooster and the Dog, asking for their presence at the palace the following day. When they lined up in front of the king, he found that they numbered only eleven, instead of twelve as he had requested. The king sent his servant down to Earth to retrieve a twelfth animal. The servant ran into a man carrying a Pig, and he hastily grabbed it and delivered it to the king. The animals stood in front of the king in no particular order. The Rat, being smaller than the rest, hopped on the Oxs back and proceeded to play the flute. The king was very impressed by this display. He gave the Rat first place. Second place was given to the Ox for its good sportsmanship, and third was given to the Tiger, who appeared so courageous. Strong family values, take a positive attitude towards life. With the refuse to be cowed or submit, consistent character. Tiger: brave, optimistic , human protector Tiger independent heart strong, love alone and tiger. Gladness with perseverance, indomitable spirit. All things have a well-thought-out plan, heart to wait for opportunity strategy. Tiger is a symbol of good luck, fortune tenacious life, but avoid overcharge. Rabbit: noble silence, hedonist Rabbit naturally gentle honest, generous and elegant noble, be scanty of words. By the welcome and love for others, but easy to be envied. Has a unique temperament and taste, in the design and creation of the two are very good. Quick action may sometimes be reckless, need to pay special attention to your weaknesses. Dragon: confident, an idealist The dragon is the ideal pursuit, to pursue his dream of unremitting efforts. Dragon is a symbol of luck, virtue, peace and long life. Generous enthusiasm, is also very brave and confident. The women he had many suitors. Snake: beautiful and humor, jealous of love The snakes male romantic humor, attractive, and women, beautiful and charming. Judgment is extremely strong, work step by step, shall be climbed to the peak. The snake man of both compassion is also ready to help others. Looks more bold, dress is very exquisite, more attempts to modify themselves. Horse: lively open and bright, the demagog The horse outgoing personality, lively and cheerful, compassionate, popular. Ma Chang has outstanding appearance, know how to dress, is a natural politician. Independent subjective, will do anything in indulge in arbitrary decisions and peremptory actions, not accept the opinions of others. Good at managing money, but love is not too good, do not know how to please the opposite sex. Ram: mercy benevolence, capricious artist Born in the year of goat people are noble, charming, artistic temperament, also love nature. Meek appearance, but seek other tenacity and fighting spirit is unusual. The sheep is the importance of family, love children. Parents. Everything is discreet, but need to strengthen be responsible, initiative and creativity. Monkey : playful and intelligent, individualist The monkey is full of the wisdom of the intellectuals, informative, has a remarkable memory. Monkey like diplomats in a way, to avoid their plight. Warm personality, easy to fall in love with me, but not so simple, not easy to be satisfied. Intelligent ability, can make the time, in the cause of good performance. Rooster: handsome frank, who loves the limelight Chicken have prophetic vision, not trusting of others, but to give advice and support others. Chicken born like dressing up, especially for men. Women of color feel ones own knack in. Born in Dover, material is short of, work also. In love, the feeling of husband and wife is very good, pay attention to the atmosphere. Dog : a very honest, still water runs deep. The dog more pessimistic love nature, seek truth, for life had no prayer. The dog gives unlimited confidence, ready to serve others, respected. In love the dog is honest and upright, encountered trouble only yourself to blame. Pig: selfless, materialist The pig is brave, careful, polite and helpful. Selfless character, can admit their mistakes, but also can forgive the mistakes of others. Others sincerity, absolutely reliable, choice of friends are friend. Suitable for all walks of life, his conscience and hard-working and able to achieve success. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-60754943572875836682019-12-01T10:32:00.001-08:002019-12-01T10:32:03.543-08:00Leo Essays (401 words) - , Term Papers, Research Papers Leo Proud and intensely individual, I really want to stand out, to be the very best I can be, and to be recognized and appreciated for my unique contributions. Doing something well and being respected for it is extremeluy important to me and I cannot tolerate being in the background, taking orders from otheres, or being "jsut one of the team". I must put my personal stamp on whatever I do, and direct my own course in life. I need to have a place where I can shine, express myself creativelym, and be the one in charge. I have big drezms and determination, spirit, vitality, and enthusiam to bring them into being. I also have a noble romantic heart, and a love of the dramatic, colorful, and wxtravagant. For me it is true that "all the world's a stage" and I secretely ( or perhaps not so secretely) desire to be the Star or Hero in the play. I want to be great and to receive the lkove and applause of an adoring audience evein if the "audience" is just one other special person. I need someone to believe in me and my dreams. Though I appear radiantly self-confident and independent, I am actually very much depenbdent on the affirmation, love. and recognition of others. I cannot bear the thought of being unnoticed or unappreciated. I also love wholeheartedly and genrerously and really know how to make the person I love feel special. I love the magin of "being in love" and know how to keep the romance alive in the relationship. I am also immensely loyal and will defend my loved ones and stand by them to the end-as kibg as they never offent my pride or betray my trust. HowevermI like to be the strong one in a relationship and I really do not share the leading role very easily. Ideally, I need to find a person who is as strong-willed as myself, but who will not tryt to dominate or compete with me. My strengths are my zest and love for life, my creative power, and my warm and generous heart. My primary fault is my tendency to be very egocentric, so concerned with the impression I am making and with my own creative self-expression that I forget there is another, larger world that down not revolve around me. Bibliography: Fox, Kellie. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-165869630254989732019-11-26T15:29:00.001-08:002019-11-26T15:29:06.436-08:00Wastewater reuse growing unprecedented populations and increasing pressure. The WritePass JournalWastewater reuse growing unprecedented populations and increasing pressure. Chapter 1 Wastewater Reuse: An Overview Wastewater reuse growing unprecedented populations and increasing pressure. Chapter 1 Wastewater Reuse: An Overview1.1à à à Introduction1.2à à The Earthââ¬â¢s Water Resources1.1à à à Types of Water Reuse1.2à à à Overview of Wastewater Treatment Technology1.1.1à Preliminary Treatment1.1.2à à Primary Treatment1.1.3à Secondary Treatment1.1.4à Tertiary and/or Advanced Treatment1.1.5 Disinfection1.2à à Types of Contaminants1.2.1à à Pathogenic Organisms1.2.2à à Inorganic Chemicals1.2.3à à Organic ChemicalsChapter 2 à Wastewater Reuse Criteria2.1 à Introduction2.2 à Wastewater Quality for Reuse Applications2.2.1 à Wastewater Reuse for Agricultural Irrigation2.2.2 à Wastewater Reuse for Industrial Use2.2.3 à Wastewater Reuse for Recreational UseReferencesRelated Chapter 1 Wastewater Reuse: An Overview 1.1à à à Introduction Growing unprecedented populations and increasing pressure on the development of new water resources have prompted a variety of measures to reclaim, recycle and reuse wastewater over the last two or three decades. As part of this trend, some municipalities have commenced to reuse wastewater for non-potable water needs, such as irrigation of golf courses and parks. In a little but increasing number of municipalities, these measures involve the use of treated wastewater to augment the general water supply. A major catalyst for the development of wastewater reuse, recycling and reclamation has been the need to provide alternative water resources to achieve water quantity requirement for industry, irrigation, urban potable and non-potable water applications. The benefits coupled with reusing treated wastewater for supplemental applications prior to disposal or discharge include environmental protection, preservation of high quality water resources and economic advantages. These ââ¬Å"wastewater reuseâ⬠projects are made possible by reliability and effectiveness of wastewater treatment technologies that can turn municipal wastewater into reclaimed wastewater that can serve as a supplemental water resource in addition to meeting standards established by the Safe Water Drinking Act. However, important problems remain regarding the levels of testing, monitoring and treatment needed to ensure human health when reclaimed wastewater is consumed for potable purposes. Some engineering and public health professionals oppose in principle to the reuse of wastewater for potable purposes, because standard public health philosophy and engineering practice call for using the purest source possible for drinking water.1 Others worry that existing techniques might not discover all the chemical and microbial contaminants that may be present in reclaimed wastewater. Several guidelines pertaining to potable reuse of wastewater have been issued, but these guidelines o ffer conflicting guidance on whether potable is adoptable and, when it is adoptable, what safeguards should be in place. 1.2à à The Earthââ¬â¢s Water Resources Earth is known as the ââ¬Å"Blue Planetâ⬠because water is discovered in many places on Earth including in the atmosphere, on the surface of the Earth and within rocks below the surface. The total volume of water on the planet is about 1,360,000,000 km3. About 71 percent of Earthââ¬â¢s surface is covered with water, and the oceans hold about 97 percent of all Earthââ¬â¢s water. Figure 1.1 illustrates the approximate distribution of the locations of water on Earth, of which only about 3 percent of the Earthââ¬â¢s water is classified as freshwater and only about 0.91 percent is discovered in freshwater lakes, swamps, rivers and groundwater supplies available for human consumption. Figure 1.1à à à à à à Distribution of water in the hydrosphere. The water cycle or hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water within the hydrosphere. This indicates the cyclic movement of water evaporated from water surfaces, land surfaces and snow fields or evapotranspiration from land plants and animals to the atmosphere. Atmospheric moisture condenses into clouds and precipitated to the earth as rain, snow, hail or in some other form. Once the precipitated water has fallen to Earth, it may percolate through soil strata to form groundwater aquifers or runs off into streams, lakes, ponds and the sea. Groundwater and surface water drain toward the sea for recycling. Many sub-cycles to the global-scale hydrologic cycle exist, involving the managed transport of water, such as an aqueduct. Wastewater reuse, reclamation and recycling have become important elements of the hydrologic cycle in industrial, agricultural and urban areas. Figure 1.2 illustrates an overview of the cycling of water from ground water and surface water resources to water treatment plants, industrial, irrigation, municipal application, and to wastewater reclamation and reuse facilities. Figure 1.2à à à à à à Water reuse application. 1.1à à à Types of Water Reuse When considering the reuse of treated wastewater for potable purposes, critical distinctions must be made between ââ¬Å"indirectâ⬠and ââ¬Å"directâ⬠potable reuse and between ââ¬Å"unplannedâ⬠and ââ¬Å"plannedâ⬠potable reuse. The key distinction between indirect and direct potable reuse is that direct potable reuse does not make use of any environmental barrier. In other words, simply sending treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment facility directly to a potable water-supply distribution system or a potable source treatment facility. This practice is rarely use because of the increased potential risk to public health and the negative public perception. Indirect potable reuse is that the purified reclaimed water is pumped into a raw water supply, such as an underground aquifer or in potable water storage reservoirs, resulting in mixing, dilution and assimilation, thus providing an environmental buffer. Indirect potable reuse can be unplanned and planned. Unplanned indirect potable reuse occurs continuously in the environment. This results when a water supply has a natural source that contains unintentional addition of wastewater. Planned indirect potable reuse is common practice to artificially recharge water supply sources with reclaimed water derived from treated wastewater. The water receives additional treatment prior to distribution. The reason that indirect potable reuse is not considered to cause a health risk is that the treated wastewater benefits from natural treatment from storage in surface water and groundwater aquifer before abstraction to ensure good water quality. 1.2à à à Overview of Wastewater Treatment Technology The problems surrounding wastewater reuse are essentially related to public health. Only in unusual situations do the substances in sewage significantly downgrade the value of water for other purposes. Many diseases are caused by organisms that may be present in wastewater. In addition, there are many toxic and carcinogenic substances present in wastewater at levels that may or may not be adequate to cause disease. The effective wastewater treatment technology to meet water quality requirements for wastewater reuse applications and to protect public health is a crucial element for wastewater reuse system. Conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical, chemical and biological processes and operations to eliminate solids, organic matter, pathogens, metals and sometime nutrients from wastewater.2 Common terms used to define different degrees of treatment, in sequence of increasing treatment level are preliminary, primary, secondary, tertiary and/or advanced treatment. In some regions, disinfection step for control pathogenic organisms sometimes follows the last treatment step. Figure 1.3 shows a generalized wastewater treatment diagram. Figure 1.3à à à à à à Generalized flow diagram for conventional wastewater treatment 1.1.1à Preliminary Treatment The purpose of preliminary treatment is the removal of sands, solids and rags that would settle in channel and interfere with treatment processes. Removal of these materials is necessary to protect the operation of subsequent treatment units. Preliminary treatment of wastewater typically includes screening, grinding, grit removal, flotation, equalization and flocculation. Treatment equipment such as bar screens, comminutors and grit chambers are adopted as the wastewater first enters a wastewater treatment plant. In grit chambers, the velocity of wastewater through the chamber is retained sufficiently high, so as to avoid the settling of organic solids. Comminutors are sometimes used to supplement course screening and serve to decrease the size of particles so that they will be removed and disposed of in a landfill. 1.1.2à à Primary Treatment Primary treatment is the second step in treatment and removes organic and inorganic matters from raw sewage by the physical processes. Primary treatment includes screening to trap solid matters, comminution for removal of large solids, grit removal and sedimentation by gravity to remove suspended solids. In general, about one-half of suspended solids and 20 to 50 percent of the biochemical oxygen demand are removed from the wastewater by primary treatment process. Nutrients, pathogenic organisms, trace elements and potentially toxic organic compounds that are associated with solids in wastewater can also be removed by primary treatment processes. 1.1.3à Secondary Treatment Secondary treatment systems remove the biodegradable dissolved and colloidal matter using an array of biological processes coupled with solid/liquid separation. Biological processes are engineered to provide effective microbiological metabolism of organic substrates dissolved or suspended in wastewater.2 Part of the organic matter is oxidized by the microorganisms, thereby producing carbon dioxide and other end products. The remaining organic matter in wastewater provides the materials and energy needed to sustain the microorganism community. Secondary treatment systems can remove suspended solids and up to 95 percent of the biochemical oxygen demand entering the process, as well as certain organic compounds and significant amount of heavy metals. 1.1.4à Tertiary and/or Advanced Treatment Tertiary and/or advanced treatment is adopted when specific constituents which cannot be removed by primary and secondary treatment must be removed. In general, tertiary treatment refers to additional removal of suspended material by granular medium filtration and chemical coagulation. In other cases, advanced treatment refers to more complete removal of specific constituents, such as ammonia or nitrate removal by ion exchange or total dissolved solids removal by reverse osmosis.2 These processes essentially remove more than 99 percent of all the pollutants from wastewater, producing an almost drinking water quality. 1.1.5 Disinfection The objective of disinfection in the wastewater treatment is to destroy all pathogenic microorganisms. The major groups of pathogenic microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, amoebic cysts and protozoa. In general, disinfection can be achieved by chemical or physical method that destroys pathogens. Chemical methods are based on the addition of a strong acid, alcohol or an oxidizing chemical (such as chlorine, ozone, hydrogen peroxide or bromine). Alternatively, physical methods might include heating, incineration and irradiation with ultraviolet radiation. Disinfection is frequently combined with treatment plant design, but not effectively practiced, because of the reduced effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation or the high cost of chlorine where the water is not sufficiently clear or free of particles. 1.2à à Types of Contaminants An important issue for people to understand that there are various types of contaminants that may be in your water. The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water involve a wide spectrum of pathogenic organisms, inorganic chemicals and organic chemical. High concentrations of contaminants can have adverse effects to our health. 1.2.1à à Pathogenic Organisms Bacterium in water, also known as pathogenic organism, is a public health hazard with risk factors in nearly all regions of the world. It is evident from the water purification attempts throughout history that human realized that drinking water could be hazardous. Several other infectious diseases can be transmitted by contaminated water. Bacterial diseases include Typhoid fever, Cholera, Shigellosis and Salmonellosis. Gastroenteritis, Hepatitis A and SARS are examples of viral disease. Parasitic diseases, such as Schistosomiasis, Ascariasis and Taeniasis, are also transmitted via water. 1.2.2à à Inorganic Chemicals Wastewater contains many inorganics that present known or potential health risks if consumed. These contaminants include such compounds as lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, nitrate and sulphate. Arsenic and lead are cumulative chemical poisons that can result in cancer, dermal lesions, peripheral neuropathies and vascular effects. 1.2.3à à Organic Chemicals In a 1980 survey, a number of organic chemicals were found in water supplies. The term organic chemicals in this sense mean that they contain carbon atoms, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, aliphatic compounds, benzenes and phenols, which mean that they are derived from petroleum. Organic chemical can easily combine with human tissue which can cause damage that includes kidney, liver system problems and increased cancer risk. Chapter 2 à Wastewater Reuse Criteria 2.1 à Introduction The principal issue of concern for consumer of treated wastewater is the quality of this water includes its physical, biological, chemical and radiological characteristics. These concerns therefore necessitate the formulation of criteria, standards and guidelines that are appropriate for the consumers of this water.3 A first stage in establishing wastewater reuse regulations and guidelines is wastewater reuse criteria. Wastewater reuse criteria are principally directed at health and environmental protection and typically address wastewater treatment, reclaimed water quality, treatment reliability, distribution systems and use area controls.2 Wastewater reuse criteria imply an idea condition without a legal basic. Regulations and guidelines are different in that regulations are legally enforceable and spell out specific figures that can be used for enforcement and administrative action, which guidelines do not have legal basic and compliance is voluntary. In theUnited States, the Environment Protection Agency issued guidelines in 1992 that are intended to offer guidance to states, which have not developed their own regulations or guidelines. At the international level, the World Health Organization has developed guidelines for wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture. The World Health Organization guidelines are adopted throughout the world and provide all countries with the necessary information to set their own wastewater reuse regulations or guidelines. 2.2 à Wastewater Quality for Reuse Applications Table 2.1 presents general wastewater reuse applications. The types of wastewater reuse may be classified into the following six broad categories include agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial reuse, groundwater recharge, recreational and environmental, non-potable urban uses and potable reuse. Wastewater reuse can be employed to satisfy the water demand in various fields and contribute to the freshwater resources conservation. Table 2.1à à à à à à à Categories of Wastewater Reuse and Potential Constraints Wastewater reuse categorya Potential constraints Agricultural and landscape irrigation à à Crop irrigation Effects of salts on soils and crops. à à Commercial nurseries Public health concerns, surface and groundwater pollution, marketability of crops, and public acceptance. à à Parks à à School yards à à Freeway medians à à Golf courses à à Cemeteries à à Greenbelts à à Residential areas Industrial reuse à à Cooling Scaling, corrosion, biological growth, and fouling; public health concerns. à à Boiler feed à à Process water à à Heavy construction Groundwater recharge à à Groundwater replenishment Potential toxicity of chemicals and pathogens. à à Salt water intrusion à à Subsidence control Recreational and environment à à Lakes and ponds Health concerns and eutrophication. à à Marsh enhancement à à Streamflow augmentation à à Fisheries à à Snowmaking Non-potable urban uses à à Fire protection Public health, foulinf, scaling, corrosion, and biological growth. à à Air conditioning à à Toilet flushing Potable reuse à à Blending in water supply Potential toxic chemicals, public health, and public acceptance. à à Pipe-to-pipe water supply a Arranged in descending order of anticipated volume of use. From Asano, T.D., et al., Water Environ. Technol., 4, 36, 1992. 2.2.1 à Wastewater Reuse for Agricultural Irrigation By far the biggest user of wastewater is agriculture throughout the entire semi-tropical and arid tropical areas of the world. Agriculture receives 67 percent of total water withdrawal and account for 86 percent of consumption in 2000. In Asia and Africa, an estimated 85 to 90 percent of all the freshwater use is for agriculture. By 2025, agriculture is anticipated to increase its water demands by 1.2 times. Therefore, wastewater reuse is important for sustainable water management. The reuse of wastewater for agriculture has some benefits as well as some disbenefits.4, 5 Benefits include the following: Source of extra irrigation water. Conservation of freshwater for other beneficial uses. Low cost source of a water supply. Alternative way to dispose of wastewater and avoid pollution and sanitary issues. Dependable, continuous water source. Effective use of plant nutrients contained in the wastewater, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Provides extra treatment of the wastewater before being recharged to the groundwater. Disbenefits include the following: Wastewater not properly treated can cause potential public health issues. Hazardous chemical contamination of groundwater. Certain soluble constituents in the wastewater could be present at concentrations toxic to plants. The wastewater could contain suspended solids that may plug the capillary pores in the soil as well as block nozzles in the water distribution system. Great investment in equipment and land. Regulation, guideline and criteria have been established for the reuse of wastewater for agriculture and are normally based on several parameters, such as public health protection and concentration of components in the water. These components include salinity, boron, exchangeable ions and trace metals are of particular important. Table 2.2 presents the details of guidelines for water quality to be used for agricultural irrigation. These guidelines are established by the Food and Agricultural Organization in United Nation. I. à Salinity As indicated, salinity is the most influential parameter in determining the applicability of water for agricultural irrigation. Salinity refers to the presence of dissolved salts in the soil and water. Table 2.2à à à à à à à Guidelines for Interpretation of Water Quality for Irrigation à à à à Degree of restriction on use Potential irrigation problem Units None Slight to moderate Severe Salinity (affects crop water availability)a EC dS/m 0.7 0.7-3.0 3.0 or, TDS mg/L 450 450-2000 2000 Infiltration (affects infiltration rate of water into the soil. Evaluation using EC and SAR together)b SAR = 0-3 and EC = 0.7 0.7-0.2 0.2 = 3-6 and EC = 1.2 1.2-0.3 0.3 = 6-12 and EC = 1.9 1.9-0.5 0.5 = 12-20 and EC = 2.9 2.9-1.3 1.3 = 20-40 and EC = 5.0 5.0-2.9 2.9 Specific ion toxicity (affects sensitive crops) Sodium (Na)b à à Surface irrigation SAR 3 3-9 9 à à Sprinkler irrigation mg/L 3 3 Chloride (Cl)c à à Surface irrigation mg/L 4 4-10 10 à à Sprinkler irrigation mg/L 3 3 Boron (B) mg/L 0.7 0.7-3.0 3.0 Trace elements (See Table) Miscellaneous effects (affects susceptible crops) Nitrogen (NO3-N)d mg/L 5 5-30 30 Bicarbonate (HCO3) (overhead sprinkling only) mg/L 1.5 1.5-8.5 8.5 pH Normal range 6.5-8.4 aà à à à à à à à à à EC = electrical conductivity, a measure of water salinity, report in deciSiemens per meter at 25à °C (dS/m) or in units millimhos per centimeter (mmho/cm). Both are equivalent. TDS = total dissolved solids, report in milligram/liter (mg/L). bà à à à à à à à à à SAR = sodium adsorption ratio. At a given SAR, infiltration rate increases as water salinity increases. Evaluate the potential infiltration problem by SAR as modified by EC. cà à à à à à à à à à For surface irrigation, most tree crops and woody plants are sensitive to sodium and chloride; use the values shown. Most annual crops are not sensitive. With overhead sprinkler irrigation and low humidity (30%) sodium and chloride may be absorbed through the leaves of sensitive crops. dà à à à à à à à à à NO3-N, nitrate nitrogen, reported in terms of elemental nitrogen (NH4-N and organic-N should be included when wastewater is being tested). From Ayers, R.S. and Westcot, D.W., FAO, 7, 11, 54, 69, 1976. There are two assessments that characterize the salinity of water involving measuring total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. Total dissolved solids refers to the material left in a vessel after evaporation of a filtered water sample and subsequent placed in a drying oven at a defined temperature.6 The total dissolved solids concentration relates to the conductivity of the water. The total dissolved solid can be calculated by multiplying conductivity by a factor, but the factor is not a constant. A factor most often used in agricultural is 640. TDS (mg/L) = EC (mmho/cm or dS/m) Ãâ" 640 à à à à à à à à à à à Electrical conductivity is other measurement that more useful than total dissolved solids because it can be made easily and instantaneously by irrigators in the field. Salts that are dissolved in water conduct electricity. Therefore, the salt in the water is related to the electrical conductivity. Table 2.3 presents general guidelines as to the salinity hazard, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity. Table 2.3à à à à à à à General Guidelines for Salinity in Agricultural Irrigation Watera Classificationb à TDS (mg/L) EC (mmhos/cm)c Water for which no detrimental effects are usually noticed 500 0.75 Water that can have detrimental effects on sensitive crops 500-1000 0.75-1.50 Water that can have adverse effects on many crops, requiring careful management practices 1000-2000 1.50-3.00 Water that can be used for tolerant plants on permeable soils with careful management practices 2000-5000 3.00-7.50 aà à à à à à à à à à Normally only of concern in arid and semiarid parts of the country. bà à à à à à à à à à Crops vary greatly in their tolerance to salinity (TDS or EC). cà à à à à à à à à à EC = electrical conductivity. Adapted from USEPA, Office of Water Program Operations, EPA-430/9-75-001, 1975. The adverse impacts of salinity can be augmented by a soil with poor characteristics (such as high evapotranspiration rates and poor drainage) that can indirectly affect the crop. The only way to control salinity hazard is by applying more water that carries off excess salt and leaches throughout the plantââ¬â¢s root zone. II. à Exchangeable Cations The concentration of exchangeable cations in irrigation water must be considered. The exchangeable cations include sodium, calcium and magnesium. When sodium concentrations are high, the soil permeability is reduced and the soil structure is affected. When calcium is normally the predominant exchangeable cation in soil, the soil tends to have a granular structure which is easily worked and readily permeable. The sodium adsorption ratio has been developed to assess the degree to which sodium in irrigation water and provide an indicator of its potential deleterious effects on soil structure and permeability. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of water is defined to the equation below: where:à à à à à à à à à à à à Na+à à à à à = sodium Ca2+à à à = calcium Mg2+à à à = magnesium For irrigation water containing significant values of bicarbonate, the adjusted sodium adsorption ratio is sometimes used. The equation of adjusted sodium adsorption ratio (SARadj) is defined as follow: where:à à à à à à à à à à à à pKââ¬â¢2 ââ¬â pKââ¬â¢cà à à à à à = empirical constants p (Ca2+ + Mg2+) = negative logarithm of the calcium and magnesium ion concentration in moles/liter p (ALK)à à à à à à à à à à à = negative logarithm of the total alkalinity in milliequivalents/liter For general crops, the tolerance value of SAR and adjusted SAR for irrigation water is 8 to 18. In fact, the calculated SAR values in the range are suitable for sensitive crops. III. à Boron Boron in treated wastewater is a potential hazardous ion for agricultural irrigation at high concentrations of around 1mg/L. The sources of boron in wastewater are normally from household detergents, industrial plants and sewage system where boron fertilizers are used. However, it must be remembered that boron is essential in crop productivity at low concentrations. Boron is also one of the important micronutrients for crops to obtain a high quality and quantity crop yield. As indicated, the deleterious effects for boron can happen on crop. Such effects are dependent on crop sensitivity to boron and boron concentrations in soil. A number of crops have been tested by experiment for boron sensitivity. The boron sensitivity of selected crops is listed in Table 2.4. Table 2.4à à à à à à à Relative Tolerance of Crops and Ornamentals to Boron Tolerant Semitolerant Sensitive (4.0 mg/L of Boron) (2.0 mg/L of Boron) (1.0 mg/L of Boron) Athel Sunflower, native Pecan Asparagus Potato Walnut, black and Persian or English Palm Cotton, Acala and Pina Jerusalem artichoke Date palm Tomato Navy bean Sugarbeet Sweetpea American elm Mangel Radish Plum Garden beet Field pea Pear Alfafa Ragged-robin rose Apple Gladils Olive Grape (Sultanina andMalaga) Broadbean Barley Kadota fig Onion Wheat Persimmon Turnip Corn Cherry Cabbage Milo Peach Lettuce Oat Apricot Carrot Zinnia Thornless blackberry Pumpkin Orange Bell pepper Avocado Sweet potato Grapefruit Lima bean Lemon (2.0 mg/L of boron) (1.0 mg/L of boron) (0.3 mg/L of boron) Note:à à Relative tolerance is based on the boron concentration in irrigation water at which boron toxicity symptoms were observed when plants were grown in sand culture. It does not necessarily indicate a reduction in yield. Tolerance decreases in descending order in each column. From Ayers, R.S. and Westcot, D.W., FAO, 7, 11, 54, 69, 1976. In United Nations, the Food and Agricultural organization issued guidelines for boron concentrations in irrigation water. The guidelines indicate that no issues will occur will occur for crops at boron concentration less than 0.75 mg/L. Between 0.75 and 2.0 mg/L of boron concentrations, increasing problem will exist, and severe problem happen at boron concentration above 2.0 mg/L. Table 2.5 presents the detailed guidelines for the allowable concentration of boron in treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation. Table 2.5à à à à à à à Limits of Boron in Irrigation Water Permissible Limits (Boron in miligrams per liter or parts per million) à Crop Group Class of water Sensitive Semitolerant Tolerant Excellent 0.33 0.67 1.0 Good 0.33-0.67 0.67-1.33 1.0-2.0 Permissible 0.67-1.0 1.33-2.0 2.0-3.0 Doubtful 1.0-1.25 2.0-2.5 3.0-3.75 Unsuitable 1.25 2.5 3.75 From van der Leeden, F., Troise, F.L., and Todd, D.K., The Water Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, 466. Wastewater treatment systems are not efficient at removing boron unless some form of treatment is carried out, such as chemical precipitation. Some management options can also be adopted to degrade the toxicity of boron in treated wastewater and improve yields. These management options are engineered to provide additional nitrogen to maximize fertility of the soil. IV. à Trace Metals or Elements All wastewater sent to treatment plants contain trace elements. The source of trace element is usually from industrial plant, but wastewater from residences can also have high trace element concentrations. Trace elements normally occur in treated wastewater but at very low concentrations, usually less than a few milligrams per liter with most less than 100 micrograms per liter. Some trace elements are essential for plant and animal growth at low concentrations, but all can exhibit plant toxicity at elevated concentration. The essential trace elements in wastewater include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel and zinc.7, 8, 9 The concentrations of trace elements in treated wastewater vary with wastewater treatment processes provided and their sources. Typically, the concentrations of trace elements in treated wastewater are in the range where negative effects are not likely to happen in short term. However, long term application of treated wastewater containing trace elements may lead to accumulation of trace elements in soil and may potentially result in groundwater contamination and plant toxicity. The range and recommended maximum concentrations of the trace elements in treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation are presented in Table 2.6. Table 2.6à à à à à à à Recommended Limits for Constituents in Reclaimed Water for Irrigation7 à Long-Term Use Short-Term Use à Constituent (mg/L) (mg/L) Remarks Trace Heavy Metals Aluminium 5.0 20.0 Can cause nonproductivity in acid soils, but soils at pH 5.5 to 8.0 will precipitate the ion and eliminate toxicity. Arsenic 0.10 2.0 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 12 mg/L forSudangrass to less than 0.05 mg/L for rice. Beryllium 0.10 0.5 Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging from 5 mg/L for kale to 0.5 mg/L for bush beans. Boron 0.75 2.0 Essential to plant growth, with optimum yields for many obtained at a few-tenths mg/L in nutrient solutions. Toxic to many sensitive plants (e.g., citrus) at 1 mg/L. Usually sufficient quantities in reclaimed water to correct soil deficiencies. Most grasses relatively tolerant at 2.0 to 10 mg/L. Cadmium 0.01 0.05 Toxic to beans, beets, and turnips at concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/L in nutrient solution. Conservative limits recommended. Chromium 0.1 1.0 Not generally recognized as essential growth element.à Conservative limits recommended due to lack of knowledge on toxicity to plants. Cobalt 0.05 5.0 Toxic to tomato plants at 0.1 mg/L in nutrient solution. Tends to be inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils. Copper 0.2 5.0 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/L in nutrient solution. Fluoride 1.0 15.0 Inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils. Iron 5.0 20.0 Not toxic to plants in aerated soils, but can contribute to soil acidification and loss of essential phosphorus and molybdenum. Lead 5.0 10.0 Can inhibit plant cell growth at very high concentrations. Lithium 2.5 2.5 Tolerated by most crops at up to 5 mg/L; mobile in soil. Toxic at citrus at low doses recommended limit is 0.075 mg/L. Table 2.6 (continued)à à à à à à à à à à Recommended Limits for Constituents in Reclaimed Water for Irrigation à Long-Term Use Short-Term Use à Constituent (mg/L) (mg/L) Remarks Trace Heavy Metals Manganese 0.2 10 Toxic to a number of crops at a few-tenths to a few mg/L in acid soils. Molybdenum 0.01 0.05 Nontoxic to plants at normal concentrations in soil and water. Can be toxic to livestock if forage is grown in soils with high levels of available molybdenum. Nickel 0.2 2 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L; reduced toxicity at neutral or alkaline pH. Selenium 0.02 0.02 Toxic to plants at low concentrations and to livestock if forage is grown in soils with low levels of added selenium. Tin, Tungsten, Titanium 2 2 Effectively excluded by plants; specific tolerance levels unknown. Vanadium 0.1 1 Toxic to many plants at relatively low concentrations. Zinc 2 10 Toxic to many plants at widely varying concentrations; reduced toxicity at increased pH (6 or above) and in fine-textured or organic soils. Other Parameters Constituent Recommended Limit Remarks pH 6 Most effects of pH on plant growth are indirect (e.g., pH effects on heavy metals toxicity described above). TDS 500-2000 mg/L Below 500mg/L, no detrimental effects are usually noticed. Between 500 and 1000 mg/L, TDS in irrigation water can affect many crops and careful management practices should be followed. Above 2000 mg/L, water can be used regularly only for tolerant plants on permeable soils. Free Chlorine Residual 1 mg/L The secondary treatment processes vary in their effectiveness at the removal of significant trace elements. However, advance treatment process such as carbon adsorption and chemical coagulation can remove over 90 percent of the trace elements from the wastewater. As indicated, some trace elements are toxic at elevated concentrations. Cadmium, copper and molybdenum can be hazardous to animals at concentration too low to affect crops. Cadmium is of special concern as it can accumulate in the food chain. It does not affect ruminants in the little amounts they ingest. Most beef and milk products are unaffected by livestock ingestion of cadmium as it is stored in the kidneys and liver of the animal rather than the muscle tissues or fat. Copper is not harmful to monogastric animals but can be toxic to ruminants. However, the animalââ¬â¢s tolerance to copper increases as available molybdenum increases. Molybdenum may also be hazardous when available in the absence of copper. While zinc and nickel are a lesser concern than cadmium, copper and molybdenum. They have negative effects on plants at lower concentrations than the levels harmful to plants and animals. However, zinc and nickel toxicities are decreased as the pH is increased. 2.2.2 à Wastewater Reuse for Industrial Use Treated wastewater can be an important potential source of water for many industries, particularly in water-short regions. The quantity of water used in power generation and manufacturing processes is very large and the availability of unlimited of water was considered as a prerequisite. Wastewater reuse for industrial use has many potential applications, ranging from common housekeeping options to advanced technology implementation. The reuse of wastewater for industry can be adopted through industrial processes, internal recycling and non- industrial reuse of industrial facility effluent. The major industrial categories that use treated wastewater include:7 Evaporative cooling water, Boiler feedwater, Process water, and Irrigation and maintenance of plant grounds, fire protection, and dust control. Among the various industrial users of treated wastewater, cooling water is the greatest single application. All heat from various industrial processes must be removed and the most efficient coolant is water. The water can be a once-through recirculating cooling system or cascading use of cooling water in other applications. Water quality requirements for industrial applications are related to four different issues include scaling, corrosion, biological growth and fouling, which may affect industrial process efficacy and integrity, as well as product quality. These concerns are addressed by the options summarized in Table 2.7. Table 2.7à à à à à à à Industrial Water Reuse: Concerns, Causes, and Treatment Options Concerns Causes Treatment options Scaling inorganic compounds,salts scaling inhibitor, carbon adsorption, filtration, ion exchange,blowdown rate control Corrosion dissolved and suspended solids pH imbalance corrosion inhibitor,reverse osmosis Biological growth residual organics, ammonia, phosphorous biocides, dispersants, filtration Fouling microbial growth, phosphates, dissolved and suspended solids control of scaling, corrosion, microbial growth, filtrationchemical and physical dispersants From Asano and Levine, 1998. Pathogens in treated wastewater used in industrial applications present potential health risks to workers and public from aerosols and windblown spray. Aerosols contain toxic organic compounds and bacteria, such as Legionella pneumophila, which causes Legionnaireââ¬â¢s disease. In recent years, the net quantity of water used has reduced sharply because water shortages and discharge regulations have made it necessary to treat it before disposing it away. A large quantity of this reduction is achieved by internal reuse. 2.2.3 à Wastewater Reuse for Recreational Use The treated wastewater may serve a variety of recreational applications include swimming, boating and fishing. The appearance of treated wastewater is essential when it is used, and treatment for nutrient removal may be adopted. Without nutrient control, there is a potential issue for algae blooms, resulting in odors and eutrophic conditions. The criteria, regulations and guidelines of treated wastewater for recreational purposes will vary with the potential for human contact, as well as the sources of the secondary pollutants, such as body discharges, air contaminants and sewage. The criteria, regulations and guidelines of treated wastewater to be used for recreational applications can be subdivided into the following three groups. I. à Elementary Body Contact Recreational Water This group of treated wastewater used in situations where there is intimate contact between the human body and the water and where there is a potential risk of ingesting a large amount of water which may pose a health risk. The treated wastewater used for contact recreational purposes include swimming, waterskiing, bathing, etc. The methods of transmission of virus may happen due to ingestion of water or via the exposed mucous membranes and skin in protective ski barrier. Swimming pools have been implicated as the adenovirus pharyngitis and conjunctivitis, as well as enterovirus meningitis.10 Some of the diseases transmitted by swimming pool water are listed in Table 2.8. Table 2.8à à à à à à à Some Diseases Transmitted by Swimming Pool Water Disease Causative agent Conjunctivitis Virus Sinusitis and otitis Streptococci and Staphylococci (propagated by nasal mucus) Certain types of enteritis Some pathogens or certain viruses ingested with water Skin disease: à à Eczemas Koch bacillus à à Granuloma Mycobacterium marinum à à Epidermophytosis Brought about by the fungus that attaches itself to the skin between the toes and is contracted particularly easily when walking on areas around the pool. Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi Dysentery Entamoeba histolytica, Shigella Infectious hepatitis Virus Compiled from Reference 10 and 11. Normally, the criteria, regulations and guidelines of treated wastewater used that are adopted for this group are more stringent. For use in recreational applications where full body contact with the water is permitted, the water should be colorless, microbiologically safe and non-irritating eyes or skin. II. Secondary Body Contact Recreational Water This group of treated wastewater used includes fishing, boating, canoeing, camping, and golf course and landscape irrigation. Treated wastewater used for this category should not contain high levels of heavy metals or pathogens that accumulate in fish to degrees that pose health threat to the consumers. The recommended water quality criteria for body contact and secondary body contact are presented in Table 2.9. References 1 à Committee to Evaluate the Viability of Augmenting Potable Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water, Water Science and Technology Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council, Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1998. 2 à Takashi Asano, Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, Technomic Pub.,Lancaster,Pa., 1998. 3 à à Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, Lewis Pub., Boca Raton, Fla., 1995. 4 à à Shuval, H. I., Water Renovation and Reuse, Academic Press,New York, 1977. 5 à à Rowe, D. R., K. Al-Dhowalia, and A. Whitehead, Reuse of Riyadh Treated Wastewater, Project No. 18/1402, King Saud University, The College of Engineering Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1988. 6 à à USPHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 15th ed., American Public Health Association,Washington,D.C., 1980. 7 à à USEPA, Manual ââ¬â Guidelines For Water Reuse, EPA/625/R-92/004, Office of Water, Office of Wastewater Enforcement and Compliance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., September, 1992. 8 à à à Ayers, R. S. and D. W. Westcot, Water Quality for Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Rome, 1976. 9 à à à USEPA, Process Design Manual for Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater, EPA 625/1-77-008, E1, E2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., October, 1977. 10 à WHO, Report of a WHO Scientific Group, Human Viruses in Water, Wastewater and Soil, TRS 639, WHO, Geneva, 1979. 11 à Glossary Water and Wastewater Control Engineering, 3rd ed., American Public Health Association,Washington,D.C., 1981. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-47718624065600957622019-11-22T22:52:00.001-08:002019-11-22T22:52:05.779-08:00How To Market A Brand New Feature With Kathryn From CoScheduleHow To Market A Brand New Feature With Kathryn From Organizing new product launches and telling customers about new features can be a daunting task. It can be difficult to know exactly how to market your products and features to your audience, and you might have trouble coming up with just the right language to attract the attention of your target audience. Today, were chattingà with s product marketing lead, Kathryn Nyhus. Kathryn helps organize product launches and comes up with the specific messaging necessary to speak to our varied customers. Sheââ¬â¢s a super-smart marketing nerd, which helps her fit right in with the team! Kathrynââ¬â¢s background and how it has helped her in her current position at . How Kathryn has helped getà more organized with the implementation of checklists and timelines. How the team comes up with speaking points for a feature. Some of Kathrynââ¬â¢s favorite techniques and methods of marketing a new feature. How segmenting helps the team tailor their marketing emails to the right audiences. How to continue to market a feature once the initial excitement of its launch fades. Kathrynââ¬â¢s best piece of advice for marketers who are launching a new product or feature. Links: Example ofà recent product marketing:à 4 New (Mind Blowing) Features Launching This Year + 3 You Should Already Be Using! If you liked todayââ¬â¢s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud,à Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Kathryn: ââ¬Å"Content marketing is the piece that builds the trust and attracts people and product marketing really starts to develop the relationship.â⬠ââ¬Å"Put yourself in the customerââ¬â¢s shoes of asking, Why do I care? Keep asking yourself, But why?â⬠ââ¬Å"Constantly be in contact with your customers.â⬠Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-55242906509425049772019-11-21T03:38:00.001-08:002019-11-21T03:38:04.297-08:00Labor Law And National Labor Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 wordsLabor Law And National Labor Relations - Essay Example This essay discusses that the same act was held in a ruling made by the Sacramento County Superior Court in Ralphs Grocery Co. v United Food and Commercial Workers Union Local 8. The union agents had peacefully staged a picket for five days a week, eight hours per day on the sidewalk apron of Ralph store, which is a private property. They walked back and forth in front of the storeââ¬â¢s doors, waving placards and handing out flyers. This was meant to discourage people from shopping in the shop on the ground that its employees were not unionized.The picketers ignored Ralph request to relocate to a distance away from the store. This went on for almost nine months prompting Ralph to file a complaint about trespass against the union in Sacramento County Superior Court. The grocery shops the capability to request an injunction against the protesters who were trespassing in front of its stores in the name of picketing. The board seeks compliance with provisions of NLRA, especially in s ections 7 and 8. It orders Shirelle Company to reinstate the five dismissed workers, start collective bargaining process with the workers and recognize the union as the legal representative body of the employees. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 protects the welfare and interests of both the unionized and the non-unionized workers. The Board, therefore, holds that the employees in Shirelle Company are protected by the Act and the company has no option but to comply with the relevant provisions concerning staff welfare.... Their main desire was to have the employer afford them and their fellow workers good working conditions. In this case, the Board was of the opinion that even one employee acting solely can satisfy the concerted requirement. It further held that the striking workers had the right to express their dissatisfaction with the working conditions provided by the employer. The board considers this as one of the precedents in resolving the matter of Shirelle and the five dismissed workers. Issues to be resolved Shirelle Company has been in operation since 1983, a cool 27 years without a trade union for the employees. They have a good number of workers who are in charge of various departments within the company. However, the owners, Olga and Gregor Flambe, who are jointly responsible for the labor relations and personnel have not yet registered their employees in any trade union. The company which has been operating for a long time with no trade union for its 40 plus staff has not given the emp loyee the freedom to exercise their rights. The company instead has taken the mandate of resolving labor related disputes using its own mechanisms. This is in contravention of NLRA section 8 (a) 2 where the issue of representation of workers issues is placed under employee led unions, and not company dominated labor organizations. In the Electromation case, the electric company had requested the employees to form committees to deal with their concerns, knowing very well that the committees dominated by the employer do are in contravention of the National Labor Relations Act. In the Electromation, Inc v. NLRB, 35 1148 [1994], the court found out that the initial creation, the structure, and the administration was considerably under the control of the Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-35937741602939949052019-11-19T13:37:00.001-08:002019-11-19T13:37:03.126-08:00The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy - Essay Example However, since he wanted to maintain the good reputation of the country, he intended to have plausible deniability about the matter. As such, he decided to use Cuban citizens who disliked Castro to spearhead the fight while American operatives were not directly included. Kennedy was unsure of this decision but since it had been planned in the Eisenhower administration. He found it difficult to abandon probably because it would undermine Eisenhowerââ¬â¢s reign (Kennedy & Sedgwick, 2006). However, after the invasion things went horribly wrong. The invaders were killed, and some of them captured for ransom to the U.S. This became a bureaucratic nightmare. Knowing that the country was in trouble, Kennedy publicly took responsibility for the attack on Cuba and apologized(Presidentprofiles.com, 2013). In addition to this, he consulted with other former presidents like Eisenhower and Nixon in order to find a suitable way alleviate their problem. Due to these actions, Kennedy was able to salvage the reputation of the United States from the drain. 2. Given that the invasion of Cuba was unsuccessful, Kennedy had to come up with contingency measures that wouldensure that his country was not blamed for the outcome of the failed invasion(Presidentprofiles.com, 2013). As such,he had to come up with a proper diplomatic doctrine to suit his situation. The first decision he made was to admit to his mistake publicly. This action was far from intended since the U.S. wanted to deny all claims of involvement. However, to the diplomatic community, admission was suitable,and it neutralized the effects that the invasion had on not only Cubans but also other countries worldwide(Gienow-Hecht, 2010). The United States obtained most of its allies back after this admission of guilt. Back in the country, another problem was emerging. If Kennedyexplained to the citizens that it was not his idea to invade Cuba, but that of his predecessor, he wouldhave created division in the country. Disu nity of such proportion would be catastrophic to the country (Presidentprofiles.com, 2013. Therefore, he decidedto consult with two former presidents in order to show they were in agreement. These consultations yielded alternative steps that the country would take in order to avoid such embarrassment in the future. This action by Kennedy further strengthened the American citizensââ¬â¢ belief in their leadership (Kennedy & Sedgwick, 2006). However, even after the Cubaninvasion failed miserably, Kennedy still wanted involvement with the local affairs of other countries. He explained thatsuch countries were not able to manage their own matters, and this was why he got involved (Kennedy & Sedgwick, 2006). For instance, he still wanted Fidel Castro of Cuba overthrown from power. This is because Castro was an ardent communist while Kennedydisapproved of this method (Sibley, 1998). Kennedy then took up secretive methods that would ensure the U.S. wasnot involved if they failed. He utili zed the CIA for this purpose. Much to his dismay, the CIA, did not follow the orders it was given, and it tried to assassinate Castro on numerous occasion, all of which failed. It is claimed that Castro got wind of these assassination attempts and was infuriated. Castro is rumored by many to be the person behind Kennedyââ¬â¢s assassination (Kennedy & Sedgwick, 2006). Nevertheless, Kennedyââ¬â¢s response to this crisis was outstanding. 3. This diplomatic doctrine had an effect not only on the United States but also on other countries(Gienow-Hecht, Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-65288914672496135982019-11-17T02:08:00.001-08:002019-11-17T02:08:04.133-08:00Impact of State Aid on Aer Lingus Essay Example for Free Impact of State Aid on Aer Lingus Essay Aer Lingus is an airline in the republic of Ireland with a rich history that spans for a period exceeding 66 years. Itââ¬â¢s an airline that is thought to hold a very special place in the hearts of most Irish people. In recent times, the airline has experienced difficulties. For example, there were agricultural problems both in England and in Ireland due to the emergence of BSE and Foot and Mouth disease. These are problems that caused the numbers of passengers traveling to various countries to go down. In 2001, workers were in strike due to salary issues and this adversely affected the operations of the Aer Lingus. Global economic crisis emanating from the most powerful economy in the world, the United States together with the September 11 terrorist attacks made many holidaymakers and seasoned passengers to panic and they thus feared traveling. Moreover, lack of funds has been another major problem and this is something that made Sabena and Swissair to close down because of insufficient funds. In fact, this is a problem that was so dangerous to many organizations that even Sabena had gone bankrupt. Due to such events, the major debate has been whether to provide state aid to Aer Lingus or not. The EU has been in the frontline to state that there is no need for the airline to be provided with state aid. On the other hand, some believe that since the government is a shareholder in Aer Lingus it should then use some of the tax payersââ¬â¢ money to inject more cash into the company to save it (Mulcahy, 2002). Since this is a state owned airline, its dependence on aid to raise capital has creates several problems for it. The financial performance of the airline has been undermined for quite a long period of time due to this dependence. However, in comparison to the private sector, state aid in most cases involves writing off the debts to financial institutions like banks. If it were the private sector on this issue, they would not have taken the consideration that such debts may be written off. The idea to use state aid for Aer Lingus may be seen as a bad option. This is so because if it was a private investor at Aer Lingus and they encountered huge debts, such an investor would have considered liquidating the airline and starting all over again using the available assets. But this has not been possible for Aer Lingus since its dependence is on the state to provide it with aid (Doganis, 2001). In 1994, the European Commission sought to approve the guidelines on evaluation proposals relating to state aid for airlines. Approving of the aforementioned proposals would see several conditions being imposed. For example, by relying on state aid, Aer Lingus is going to face the condition that it mustnââ¬â¢t expect additional aid in the coming future. Moreover, state aid according to the commission is not supposed to be used in any way to increase Aer Lingus capacity that may be to the detriment of EU competitors. Moreover, if Aer Lingus obtains this aid, the offer it has in the EU market is not supposed to increase faster compared to overall traffic growth. Aer Lingus is also not supposed to use the state aid to increase its direct competition against other airlines (Doganis, 2006). The impacts of state aid on Aer Lingus did not come with negative effects alone as aforementioned. There has been a success story to tell after state aid that was approved by the EU in mid 1990s. Even though reconstruction success at Aer Lingus took longer compared to Iberia and Air France, cost-cutting was achieved in years 2002 and 2004. State aid that Aer Lingus had received a decade ago had enabled it to survive most crises of that time. Up to early 2005, Aer Lingus still had not been privatized despite the crisis. Early 90s posed problems for Aer Lingus that are still similar to the current problems. The company lost profits amounting to 7% and talks embarked to seek a merger with Ryainar but this did not bear fruits. The management team came up with a recovery plan but the profits realized were still down. This is a problem that continued in 1992 but the appointment of Bernie Cahill as the board chairman saw the government provide more investment in the airline. After the proposal was accepted by the EU, some assets like the computer company and hotels were sold. By 1995, the company realized some profits. These shows the impacts of the state aid on Aer Lingus have been both positive and negative. But for Aer Lingus to survive in the market state aid is required since today, it estimated that the company is losing $2m in a single day. Moreover, the bookings have gone down by a staggering 80% (Barrington and Sweeny, 2001). Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-387247184261774993.post-12087437061197731872019-11-14T14:39:00.001-08:002019-11-14T14:39:03.451-08:00Communication Theories Essay -- essays research papers In interpersonal communication there are many theories that are similar yet different in many ways. The theories can be combined to describe people and how those people interact and communicate with each other. Many of these theories help explain how people in society form impressions of others, how they maintain these impressions, why people interact with certain people in society, and how people will use these impressions that they have formed later on in life. These theories also help people to better understand themselves, to better understand interpersonal communication, and to better understand people in general. There are two theories in interpersonal communication that, despite their differences, can go hand in hand. The first is interaction adaptation theory and the second is emotional contagion theory. These two theoriesââ¬â¢ similarities and differences and their relevance to my everyday life will be discussed in this paper. These two theories are very important in und erstanding how people interact with others and why people do the things they do sometimes. à à à à à Interaction adaptation theory defined by Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond (2005) is a ââ¬Å"Theory suggesting that people interact with others by adapting to what others are doingâ⬠(p. 190). A way of looking at this theory is by thinking about a mirror. ââ¬Å"Sometimes we relate by mirroring the posture or behavior of othersâ⬠(p. 190). This theory believes that people will share the same kind of communication patterns when they are communicating together. People will interact in the same way as the other person. There has been a conclusion based on this theory that ââ¬Å"nonverbal cues play a key role in how people adapt to othersâ⬠(p. 190). If a person is communicating with their friend, who has their arms crossed, than this person might find that they are crossing their arms as well. These types of actions are all conclusions to this theory. People, based on their interactions with others, usually tend to develop similar communication patterns and find themselves mirroring the patterns of the other. à à à à à Emotional contagion theory is a little similar to interaction adaptation theory. According to Beebe, Beebe, and Redmond (2005), emotional contagion theory ââ¬Å"suggests that people tend to ââ¬Ëcatchââ¬â¢ the emotions of othersâ⬠(p. 213). This means that if a person is comm... ...oes for most of the emotions that people feel. I never really noticed any of this before I started writing this paper. I shared this information with my best friend and she was amazed that the way people interact is generally the same within groups in society. She now has a better understanding of the communication patterns and behaviors of people and she is not even in the class. à à à à à These theories have helped me to have a clearer understanding of how people interact with others and how they can share emotions. Everybody uses these theories whether they are conscious of it or not. If people did not use these theories than they would not be taught in class. Knowing about these theories and how they work is very beneficial to having better communication and interaction with people who are complete strangers and with people who are friends or even colleagues. The way people interact with others is important to knowing how they will share emotions and behaviors not only now, but also in the future. References Beebe, S., Beebe, S., Redmond, M. (2005). Interpersonal Communication: Relating to à à à à à Others. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Janehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10455324157046773648noreply@blogger.com0