Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary Essay

There are two types of organizations within the criminal justice field they are bureaucratic and patron-client organizations. The bureaucratic organization is an organization that enforces the law. However, the patron-client organization chooses to break the law. There are many differences between the groups, but there are a few things that they have in common. This paper will describe the difference between the main models of organized crimes and explain why the models are necessary for understanding crime. Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary The patron-client organization is an association of criminal clients who exchange material and assemble a successful system between the main bosses and prominent political figures. The organization is structured using its hierarchy system that contains one main boss, an underboss, an advisor, Captain, and members (Lyman and Potter, 2007). The organization has a tight bond between the members that exhibits loyalty to each other. As a result, the boss provides protection to their members. The main boss delegate duties to the underboss. The underboss then provides that information to his captains. The captains have members who carry out the tasks also known as doing their dirty work. These commands allow the bosses to stay clear of law enforcement evade apprehension and continue to conduct business as usual. (Lyman and Potter, 2007) Bureaucratic and Patron-client Organizations Bureaucratic organizations are more formal than the patron-client  organization. The bureaucratic structure consists of tougher rules and regulations, and no decisions exist without prior approval. In the patron-client organization, decisions can be made by other members as long as it benefits the organization. Bureaucratic organizations hold the administrators responsible for financial troubles. The patron-client organization holds everyone financially responsible because it involves all members of the success or failure of the organization (Lyman and Potter, 2007). Similarities and differences Criminal organizations resemble the same comparisons. The main purpose is for law enforcement to understand the development of these organizations. According to Mallory (2007) Expert psychologists, sociologist, and criminologist basis models on supporting research, statistics, facts, and information gathered. The information collected focuses on the organizational structure, purpose, cause, members, and its clientele. Each model has incorporated detail specific unique features. Why the models are necessary for understanding organized crime Models are of importance because it recognizes the organization by providing a wide-range of information. This information is very useful to law enforcement because it allows them to invent new strategies of how to deter, prevent, detect and arrest these individuals involved in these organizations. (Lyman and Potter, 2007) The patron-client and bureaucratic organization has one main purpose that is profit. This organization whether legal or illegal has similarities and differences. The structure in both primarily exists with one person in charge of monitoring the success of the organization. These models provide useful information the same as theories. (Lyman and Potter, 2007) Law enforcement uses these tools to allow them, to protect assets while detecting, preventing, apprehending, and deterring the individual’s wrongdoers or a highly developed criminal organization. (Lyman and Potter,  2007) Organized crime is considered as a legitimate institution that makes it harder for its members to be caught by law. Although these organized crime units are sworn to secrecy, police enforcement is continuously looking for ways to apprehend and take down these organizations. References: Lyman, D., & Potter, G. (2007). Understanding Organized Crime (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Mallory, S. L. (2007). Understanding Organized Crime. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

The practice of nursing research: appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence Essay

Nursing Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reliable sources are very crucial in the health care sector since they help students to stay updated as well as enhancing their success in their classes. Relevant sources include websites, books, appropriate publications as well as online library. An effective research requires the student to define the topic, identification of concepts, and selection of relevant sources. Prior to any research, students should assess the reliability of sources and examine the sources to be used for specific tasks. Students can easily identify dubious materials by comparing multiple sources as their search approach. Therefore, they will be able to evaluate the worth of the information. The rationale of this paper is to describe appropriate use of wisdom continuum in nursing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Access to updated, accurate and pertinent information is increasingly becoming crucial for the nurses to adopt evidence-based practice and ensure their knowledge is updated. Nurses use different information sources to realize their information requirements. The main question to be addressed in this paper is why it is vital to consider the clinical resolution making situation, when exploring the approaches that nurses connect with research based information. It is also crucial to consider the rapport between the usefulness and accessibility of date from distinct sources and the verdict made regarding the information. It may be argued that for people to persuade the nurses to effectively employ research evidence when making clinical decisions, they must acknowledge the rapport between verdict from the nurses and the data that enlightens them (Solomon, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidence-based decision making entails combining the information that crop up from patient choices, clinical expertise, and research facts within the framework of accessible resources. When making decisions, nurses choose from discrete range of alternatives (Thompson, 2004). The process of employing clinical judgment involves making decision from informed choices by evaluating the accessible data. Nurses should give appropriate weight to research evidence depending on its external and internal legitimacy. Integrating research facts into decision making involves composing a strategic clinical question regarding certain information need, evaluating the most appropriate information to solve that need, proper scrutiny of the obtained data, integrating the information into a plan, and weighing up the impact of the actions and decisions taken (Polit & Beck, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Decision making based on the information is a dogmatic method to making choices of how speculation can be employed to advance decision making. The central point is: how nurses utilize research based data in decision making? Little studies have been carried on this topic, apart from research that utilizes data from self report information from nurses as a basis of facts. Self report should not be considered as chief source of information to fill the gaps in support of ideal clinical observation and in-depth interviews, which nurses consider superior to address frequencies and types of varied decisions and practical information use (Polit & Beck, 2010). The major challenge of researching how individuals respond to inadequate evidence is that it is hard to identify the inadequacy of the needs. Researchers can only hypothesize nurses’ behavior by watching them or about what they say, since information need only subsist in the psyche of the person with the need. The need cannot be alienated from the intentions of evidence seeking actions. In developing motives, people make choices from values and beliefs that had formerly contented information requirements (Melnyk & Overholt, 2011).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For proponents of fact based judgment making, the fundamental purpose for involving research based facts is to cut down uncertainty in clinical field. This implies that appropriate research increases the probability that the decision taken will give desired results. In some cases, new data can also elucidate or confirm present data, values and beliefs. Forms of clinical resolutions that nurses make offer an idea on how research information can help in decision making. Decisions are significant framework for utilization of information. The decisions that nurses are required make are work related, how they view their clinical duty, autonomy in operation, and the extent to which they believe they are influential and active decision makers. Nurses face decision complexity because of the following factors. Firstly, due to diverse and multiple decision objectives. Secondly, due to time constrain in decision making. Third, the conflicting decisio n aspects. Nurses face different challenges in decision making, since they have to make appropriate decision based on code of ethics. For a nurse to make appropriate decision making, rely on whether the decision lies within the continuum. The decision made also depend on the form of task appearance, the uncertainty of the task and the intricacy of the task. However, familiarity of a decision is not adequate to determine the form of reasoning involved (Burns & Grove, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, it is vital to understand the link between the decision to be made by the nurse and the facts that enlighten them. Nurses use different information sources to realize their information requirements. Nurses should assign weight to the research evidence depending on its interior and exterior validity. The major challenges that face the nurse are the fact that it is not easy to recognize the information needs. Information need is linked to the motive of the nurse, thus nurses must be focused as they make their decisions. Decisions are crucial framework for the nurses especially for information use. References Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2009). The practice of nursing research: appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (6th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. Evidence-Based Nursing. (n.d.). ebn. Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://ebn.bmj.com/content/7/3/68.long Melnyk, B. M., & Overholt, E. (2011). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2010). Essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Solomon, J. (2010). New look Evidence-Based Nursing. Evidence-Based Nursing, 13(1), 2-2. Thompson, C. (2004). Nurses, Information Use, And Clinical Decision Making–the Real World Potential For Evidence-based Decisions In Nursing. Evidence-Based Nursing, 7(3), 68-72. Source document

Democracy vs Autocracy Essay Example

Democracy vs Autocracy Essay Example Democracy vs Autocracy Paper Democracy vs Autocracy Paper It has become common today to dismiss autocracy on the basis on the basis of it having a single minded perspective. A single charismatic leader, making decisions for an inure nation or community might seem lucrative, but todays post modernist society, questions its viability. Todays rational minded individuals look Upton political structures for answers beyond poverty, inflation and basic public goods. They want answers to issues like climate change, sustainability and globalization. In such opinionate and sensitive topics, a wide array of representatives need to represent he vast motive-centric citizens of nations. The UN Report on the Gross National Happiness Index, holds 78% democratically run countries In Its top 50 countries, The question which then arises Is. Can a single leader solely represent the needs of a modern state? . Democracy is an efficient podium for fair representation of opinions in a modern state. Democracy is a form of government that is not attached to any pre-given political or ideological ends, but allows ends to be chosen by the majority vote of free citizens. Although today, the theoretical to realistic translation of democracy Is questionable, It t least firmly opinionated leaders, have to place their proposals In front of a forum, where unlike autocracy, opposition does exist and have a say. Rational minded individuals look Upton political structures for answers beyond poverty, inflation and basic public goods. They want answers to issues like climate change, sustainability and globalization. Ghana is on the verge of accomplishing a nearly-unprecedented feat for West Africa a reflected growth of Income and happiness in a transitioning democracy. Neighboring Mall, has not been successful in doing so In Its contrasting game structure. Ghana has been producing 011 since the early asses but the sector truly began to develop under democratic insights. However the largest oil reserves discovered in the country have only recently been discovered and the political consequences of oil revenue have yet to be seen. Ghana does have some ethnic variation, as well as a north-south, Christian-Muslim boundary like Nigeria and the Ivory Coast, but it has managed a representative approach which Is through a stable democracy. With growing education and public access to resources, citizens want a greater presentation of needs and opinion at the upper most decision making level in the political arena. Although autocracy, can allow a system where opinions can reach decision makers, it might not be necessary that the decision is taken considering the representations of opposition and minority. Democracy, in Its forms closest to theoretical, allows voice and space for opposition and minority. If not offered the same, democracy also allows freedom of rebellion, like that which Scotland recently went through in its independence referendum, due to lack of representation in Great Britains parliamentary structure.

The Redesigned SAT

The Redesigned SAT The SAT is a constantly evolving exam, but the changes to the exam that launched on March 5th, 2016 represented a fairly significant overhaul of the test. The SAT has been losing ground to the ACT for years. Critics of the SAT frequently noted that the exam was detached from the actual skills that matter most in college, and that the exam succeeded in predicting a students income level better than it predicted college readiness. The redesigned exam places the emphasis on language, mathematical, and analytical skills that are essential for college success, and the new exam is better aligned with high school curricula. Beginning with the March 2016 exam, students encountered these major changes: Selected locations offer a computer-based exam: Weve seen this coming for a long time. The GRE, after all, moved online years ago. With the new SAT, however, paper exams are also available. The writing section is optional: The SAT writing section never really caught on with college admissions offices, so its not surprising that it was axed. The exam will now take about three hours, with an additional 50-minute period for students opting to write the essay. If this sounds like the ACT, well, yes it does. The Critical Reading section is now the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section: Students  need to interpret and synthesize material from sources in the sciences, history, social studies, humanities, and career-related sources. Some passages include graphics and data for students to analyze. Passage from the Founding Documents of America: The exam does not have a history section, but readings now draw from important documents such as the U.S. Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights, as well as documents from around the globe related to issues of freedom and human dignity. A new approach to vocabulary: Instead of focusing on rarely used vocabulary words such as mendacious and impecunious, the new exam focuses on words that students are likely to use in college. The College Board gives synthesis and empirical as examples of the type of vocabulary words the exam will include. Scoring returned to a 1600-point scale: When the essay went, so did 800 points from the 2400-point system. Math and Reading/Writing will each be worth 800 points, and the optional essay will be a separate score. The math section allows a calculator for certain portions only: Dont plan to rely on that gadget for finding all your answers! The math section has less breadth and focuses on three key areas: The College Board identifies these areas as Problem Solving and Data Analysis, the Heart of Algebra, and Passport to Advanced Math. The goal here is to align the exam with the skills that are  most useful in preparing students for college-level mathematics. No penalty for guessing: I always hating having to guess whether I should guess or not. But I guess that isnt  an issue with the new exam. The optional essay asks students to analyze a source: This is far different from the typical prompts on the previous  SAT. With the new exam, students read a passage and then use close-reading skills to explain how the author builds his or her argument. The essay prompt is the same on all examsonly the passage will change. Do all of these changes give well-to-do students less of an advantage on the exam? Probably notwell-funded school districts will generally better prepare students for the exam, and access to private test tutoring will still be a factor. Standardized tests will always privilege the privileged. That said, the changes do make the test better correlate with the skills taught in high school, and the new exam may actually better predict college success than the previous SAT. It will, of course, be many years before we have enough data to see if the intentions behind the new exam are realized. Learn more about the changes to the exam on the College Board website: The Redesigned SAT. Related SAT Articles: Should You Take the SAT or ACT?When Should You Take the SAT?Low SAT Scores? What Now?SAT Scores for the Ivy LeagueSAT Scores for Top Public UniversitiesSAT Scores for Top Engineering Schools

How to design fashion psychologically Dissertation - 1

How to design fashion psychologically - Dissertation Example There has always been a perceived connection between the designer clothing associated with individuals and their status in the society as well as their identity. There is also the notion that the connection between these aspects decreases with an increase in maturity, nevertheless, designer fashion still influences the views of status. Hypotheses will be tested through gathering literature from research that has been carried out by other people as well as conducting a new experiment.   This research aims at creating a better understanding of how designer fashion influences the social standing of women especially psychologically and physically. This research is particularly important as it is inevitable for people to avoid being judged based on their clothing and will aim at understanding the influence of materialism on status of people of different ages. Problem statementThe main aim of this research is to understand how fashion created by different designers all over the world aff ects the social status and development of an identity particularly in women.   Humans have different ways of differentiating between each other and conforming to societal norms, including the use of clothes. Clothing, especially fashion assists people in identifying themselves with their peers and acts as a method of distinguishing people. Clothing can be easily used in the identification of the form of character and cues that indicate particular stereotypes. These stereotypes may be useful in appreciating the social status.

Management 4330 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management 4330 - Essay Example My management at Heritage appliances has been marred by some hardships after the management team that I selected decides to neglect their duties and instead if implementing the mandate of the organization allows the employees to be deviant such as allowing absenteeism and therefore lowering the production in the organization. According Whetten and Cameron (2011) to be a good manager should have the following qualities; - First he should lead by example, he should also believe in sharing, he should embrace vulnerability, understand technology and lead from the front (p. 7). I have use these qualities to address the problem and stream line things in the organization. I will use the knowledge in management and the information in the book to address the questions from the course. Being in a new environment I did not take my time to understand the working environment as I was chosen abruptly for the position. This means that I did not know the strategies that were being used to ensure that the employees were working hard and production was at its peak. This needs to be addressed and it would mean that I have to interact with employees more bypassing the management team that I have chosen that is lenient and not supporting my mandate as we seek to ensure that the organization is achieving its mandate. The management team also needs to be cautioned and warned for being lenient and advocating for such tricks which are lowering production. If need arises it would be important to lose some of them who are not ready to change and work for the organization to achieve its goals. Whetten and Cameron discusses the sources of personal power and positional power and how to maneuver in any workplace no matter how tricky it may prove to be (p. 288-298). I know how to lead by example and being hardworking will ensure that I can show the employees how to follow in my footsteps. I am also authoritative and this will help me in issuing my command and making sure that the

Marketing product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Marketing product - Essay Example The essay shall explore the various ways that S&H Distribution Ltd (shoes & heels) can employ to maximize its profits and gain a bigger market share. According to the UK Chartered Institution, Marketing is the management process, which identifies, anticipates and supplies customers’ requirements efficiently and effectively (Blick, 2010, 20). International marketing is the mix of these activities in the national boundaries. Firms branching into new markets should have marketing decisions. Notably, managers should consider four elements including how to identify, price, sell and distribute those products (Joshi, 2012, 41). These essential elements of international marketing are called marketing mix or the 4Ps. They include product, price, promotion, and place. Firstly, the product comprises the tangible and intangible features that meet consumers demand in diverse markets. Secondly, pricing develop policies that in revenue and strategically shape the competitive environment. Thirdly, promotion means devise ways to strength the desirability of the product or service to potential buyers. Fourthly, place is getting products and services into customers hands via transportation and merchandising. Marketing has evolved significantly over the years. What was once a simple concept to determine, explain and execute has now become an essential tool for any organization that wishes to become successful. Initially, there were the 4Ps, which included price, place, promotion and product. However, as the evolution of marketing continuous, several aspects have been incorporated into the marketing mix (Rama Moahana Rao, 2011, 162). They include physical evidence, processes, and processes. These extended elements represent the ever-changing factors that determine the marketing products. The changes in customer behavior and demographics also contribute to the addition of the 4Ps (Hougaard & Bjerre, 28). It is quite difficult to measure